Hydropower and Wind Energy: Costs, Impacts, and Regulations - Prof. Aurangzeb Khan, Study notes of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Download Hydropower and Wind Energy: Costs, Impacts, and Regulations - Prof. Aurangzeb Khan and more Study notes Electrical and Electronics Engineering in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Hydropower Hydrologic Cycle Evaporation» Runoff http: //www1.eere.energy .gov/windandhydro/hydro_how.html Sources of Electric Power — US Other* 2% XQ Nuclear Electric 20% Petroleum 3% ea ‘ Natural Gas 16% y Coal 52% ,/ © Source: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, March 2001. Tables 3 & 58. * Other includes geothermal, biomass, wind, photovoltaic, and solar thermal. Includes utility and nonutility generation. Hydroelectric Renewable Energy Sources Total others 0.9% Hydroelectric 99.1% (Geothermal 0.6%) (Biomass 0.8%) . (Wind 0.01%) Source: EIA, Electric Power Monthly, } (Photovoltaic 0.001% March 2001, Tables 5 & 60. Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm 7 World Trends in Hydropower Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 10 World’s Largest Dams 11.3 TW-hrs2,280 MW1970Romania/SerbiaIron Gates 35 TW-hrs5,429 MW1971CanadaChurchill Falls 5,616 MW1981CanadaRobert-Bourassa 6,400 MW1983RussiaSayano Shushenskaya 22.6 TW-hrs6,809 MW1942/80United StatesGrand Coulee 46 TW-hrs10,200 MW1986VenezuelaGuri 93.4 TW-hrs12,600 MW1983Brazil/ParaguayItaipú 18,200 MW2009ChinaThree Gorges Annual Production Max GenerationYearCountryName Ranked by maximum power. “Hydroelectricity,” Wikipedia.org 11 Three Gorges Dam (China) Three Gorges Dam Location Map 106° 108° 110° 112° 114° 116° 118° 120° 122° km 32° Three Gorges | 30° 2 iongging 106° 108° 110° 112° 114° 116° 118° 120° 122° 12 Gurt Dam (Venezuela) http://www. infodestinations.com/venezuela/espanol/puerto_ordaz/index.shtml 15 Gurt Dam Site Map http: //Imhwww.epfl.ch/Services/ReferenceList/2000_fichiers/gurimap.htm 16 17 Grand Coulee Dam (US) www.swehs.co.uk/ docs/coulee.html 20 Uses of Dams – US Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm 21 Hydropower Production by US State Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 22 Percent Hydropower by US State Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 25 Early Roman Water Mill Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 26 Early Norse Water Mill Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 27 Fourneyron’s Turbine Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 30 Scale of Hydropower Projects Large-hydro More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid Medium-hydro 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid Small-hydro 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid Mini-hydro Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid Micro-hydro From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote areas away from the grid. Pico-hydro From a few hundred watts up to 5kW Remote areas away from the grid. www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf 31 Types of Hydroelectric Installation Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 32 Meeting Peak Demands Hydroelectric plants: Start easily and quickly and change power output rapidly Complement large thermal plants (coal and nuclear), which are most efficient in serving base power loads. Save millions of barrels of oil Example Hoover Dam (US) http: //las-vegas.travelnice.com/dbi/hooverdam-225x300.jpg 35 Diversion (Run-of-River) Hydropower transmission transformer 36 37 Example Diversion Hydropower (Tazimina, Alaska) http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html Pumped Storage Schematic Pumped-Storage Plant | HTT ec Pree aL wes Pete Ree eit tie} Meal 40 41 Pumped Storage System Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 42 Example Cabin Creek Pumped Hydro (Colorado) Completed 1967 Capacity – 324 MW Two 162 MW units Purpose – energy storage Water pumped uphill at night Low usage – excess base load capacity Water flows downhill during day/peak periods Helps Xcel to meet surge demand E.g., air conditioning demand on hot summer days Typical efficiency of 70 – 85% 45 Types of Hydropower Turbines Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 46 Classification of Hydro Turbines Reaction Turbines Derive power from pressure drop across turbine Totally immersed in water Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power Propeller, Francis, and Kaplan turbines Impulse Turbines Convert kinetic energy of water jet hitting buckets No pressure drop across turbines Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow turbines 47 Schematic of Francis Turbine Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 50 Francis Turbine – Grand Coulee Dam "Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com 51 Fixed-Pitch Propeller Turbine "Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com Kaplan Turbine Schematic Generator Turbine Blades 52 "Water Turbine," Wikipedia.com 55 Vertical Kaplan Turbine Setup Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 56 Pelton Wheel Turbine Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 57 Turgo Turbine Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 60 Turbine Design Recommendations Propeller Kaplan Francis Pump-as-Turbine Reaction CrossflowCrossflow Turgo Multi-jet Pelton Pelton Turgo Multi-jet Pelton Impulse LowMediumHigh Head Pressure Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 61 Fish Friendly Turbine Design www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_rd.html 62 Hydro Power Calculations 65 Example 1a Consider a mountain stream with an effective head of 25 meters (m) and a flow rate of 600 liters (ℓ) per minute. How much power could a hydro plant generate? Assume plant efficiency (η) of 83%. H = 25 m Q = 600 ℓ/min × 1 m3/1000 ℓ × 1 min/60sec Q = 0.01 m3/sec η = 0.83 P ≅ 10ηQH = 10(0.83)(0.01)(25) = 2.075 P ≅ 2.1 kW Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 66 Example 1b How much energy (E) will the hydro plant generate each year? E = P×t E = 2.1 kW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yr E = 18,396 kWh annually About how many people will this energy support (assume approximately 3,000 kWh / person)? People = E÷3000 = 18396/3000 = 6.13 About 6 people Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 67 Example 2 Consider a second site with an effective head of 100 m and a flow rate of 6,000 cubic meters per second (about that of Niagara Falls). Answer the same questions. P ≅ 10ηQH = 10(0.83)(6000)(100) P ≅ 4.98 million kW = 4.98 GW (gigawatts) E = P×t = 4.98GW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yr E = 43,625 GWh = 43.6 TWh (terrawatt hours) People = E÷3000 = 43.6 TWh / 3,000 kWh People = 1.45 million people (This assumes maximum power production 24x7) Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 70 Capital Costs of Several Hydro Plants Note that these are for countries where costs are bound to be lower than for fully industrialized countries Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 71 Estimates for US Hydro Construction Study of 2000 potential US hydro sites Potential capacities from 1-1300 MW Estimated development costs $2,000-4,000 per kW Civil engineering 65-75% of total Environmental studies & licensing 15-25% Turbo-generator & control systems ~10% Ongoing costs add ~1-2% to project NPV (!) Hall et al. (2003), Estimation of Economic Parameters of US Hydropower Resources, Idaho National Laboratory hydropower.id.doe.gov/resourceassessment/ pdfs/project_report-final_with_disclaimer-3jul03.pdf 72 Costs of Increased US Hydro Capacity Hall, Hydropower Capacity Increase Opportunities (presentation), Idaho National Laboratory, 10 May 2005 www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/pdf/hall_may10.pdf 75 Environmental Impacts Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams mur) | nee, Aan a ra a pp Sistas Pease roe a ae ¥ a Transboundary | water competion fe 76 77 Ecological Impacts Loss of forests, wildlife habitat, species Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to inundation of reservoir area Rotting vegetation also emits greenhouse gases Loss of aquatic biodiversity, fisheries, other downstream services Cumulative impacts on water quality, natural flooding Disrupt transfer of energy, sediment, nutrients Sedimentation reduces reservoir life, erodes turbines Creation of new wetland habitat Fishing and recreational opportunities provided by new reservoirs 80 Three Gorges – Pros and Cons Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 81 Regulations and Policy 82 Energy Policy Act of 2005 Hydroelectric Incentives Production Tax Credit – 1.8 ¢/KWh For generation capacity added to an existing facility (non-federally owned) Adjusted annually for inflation 10 year payout, $750,000 maximum/year per facility A facility is defined as a single turbine Expires 2016 Efficiency Incentive 10% of the cost of capital improvement Efficiency hurdle - minimum 3% increase Maximum payout - $750,000 One payment per facility Maximum $10M/year Expires 2016 5.7 MW proposed through June 2006 85 Future of Hydropower Hydro Development Capacity ;’ PROJECTED ANNUAL RENEWABLE WATER IN BY RIVER BASIN, 2025 hydrop ower.org tip. ae 86 87 Developed Hydropower Capacity World Atlas of Hydropower and Dams, 2002 90 World Hydropower Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 91 Major Hydropower Producers Canada, 341,312 GWh (66,954 MW installed) USA, 319,484 GWh (79,511 MW installed) Brazil, 285,603 GWh (57,517 MW installed) China, 204,300 GWh (65,000 MW installed) Russia, 173,500 GWh (44,700 MW installed) Norway, 121,824 GWh (27,528 MW installed) Japan, 84,500 GWh (27,229 MW installed) India, 82,237 GWh (22,083 MW installed) France, 77,500 GWh (25,335 MW installed) 1999 figures, including pumped-storage hydroelectricity “Hydroelectricity,” Wikipedia.org 92 Figure 5.9 Types of traditional water-wheek (overshot (b) undershot:(¢) breassshot Types of Water Wheels 95 Evolution of Hydro Production OECD: most of Europe, Mexico, Japan, Korea, Turkey, New Zealand, UK, US iea.org Schematic of Impound Hydropower Hydroelectric Dam 96 97 Schematic of Impound Hydropower