IBCLC Exam 100% VERIFIED PERFECT SOLUTIONS 2024/2025, Exams of Nursing

Download IBCLC Exam 100% VERIFIED PERFECT SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! IBCLC Exam 100% VERIFIED PERFECT SOLUTIONS 2024/2025 % of breastmilk that is carbohydrates Approximately 7% Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_milk. % of breastmilk that is fat Approximately 4% Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 50. % of breastmilk that is protein Approximately .8 - 1 % Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272. % of calories in breastmilk from carbohydrates Approximately 40% Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 69. % of calories in breastmilk from fat Approximately 50% Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 124. % of calories in breastmilk from protein Approximately 10% Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272. Acinus Any of the small sacs or alveoli that terminate the ducts and are lined with secretory cells. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Available online: http://www.merriam- webster.com/medical/acinus?show=0&t=1296699192 Acrocyanosis Bluish discoloration of the hands and feet in the newborn; peripheral cyanosis. Should not persist beyond 24 hours after birth. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Active immunity Immunity conferred by the production of antibodies by one's own immune system. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Active transport Passage of drug into breastmilk assisted by components in breastmilk. Hale & Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 470. Acyclovir/Zovirax Antiviral used to treat herpes infections, L2. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177. Aerobic bacteria A tongue tie. Characterized by a thick, short, or tight frenulum under the tongue. Can cause breastfeeding issues, such as a painful latch or inefficient milk transfer. Anterior pituitary This gland releases prolactin into the blood effecting milk production and ejection. It is susceptible to stress. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91. Anthrax Infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium (Bacillus anthrax), characterized by external ulcerating nodules or by lesions in the lungs. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/anthrax. Antibody Immunoglobulin formed in response to an antigen, including bacteria and viruses. Antibodies attack those bacteria or viruses helping the body resist infection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Antigen Substance that stimulates antibody production. May be dust, food, or bacteria. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Apgar score Index to evaluate the condition of a newborn infant based on a rating of 0, 1, or 2 for color, heart rate, reflex response, muscle tone, and respiration with 10 being a perfect score. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam- webster.com/medical/apgar%20score. Apocrine gland Sweat glands located on the areola that secrete a scent. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 197-198. Apoptosis Programmed normal cell death. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Applied research Research that focuses on solving or finding an answer to a clinical or practical problem. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Areola The darker pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple. Contains sebaceous glands (Montgomery Glands) Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Aspirin Salicylate analgesic, L3. Use associated with Reye's Syndrome in infants. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 87. Atopic eczema Inherited allergic tendency to skin rashes or inflammation. Exclusively breastfed infants are less likely to develop as cow's milk protein is a common allergen. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Autocrine control The point in lactation when milk supply is controlled by milk removal. Local control in the breast. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 92. Autonomy The capacity of a rational individual to make an informed, un-coerced decision. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomy#Medicine. Average The middle value of a data set. Add all the numbers and divided by the amount of numbers in the set. Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average. Axilla Underarm. Breast tissue (the axillary tail) can sometimes extend into axilla. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863- 864. B Cell Lymphocyte produced in bone marrow and peripheral lymphoid tissue; found in breastmilk. Attacks antigens. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. β lactaglobin Major protein in bovine milk. Hale & Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 40. Back to sleep A campaign that significantly reduced SIDS. Babies are less prone to SIDS when sleeping on their back. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 632. Bactericidal Bolus A quantity of medication given by IV, or a quantity of fluid (milk) given orally. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bolus. Bradycardia Relatively slow heart rate. Opposite of tachycardia. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bradycardia. Breastfeeding dyad A breastfeeding mother and baby. Buccal pads Fat pads on the masseter muscles in an infant's cheeks giving them a plump cheeked appearance. Provide stability for the tongue during suckling. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Calories in breastmilk Mature milk has approximately 20 cal/oz. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 227. Candidiasis Fungal infection caused by Candida albicans; also called "thrush." Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Caput succedaneum Diffuse swelling or collection of serum under the scalp of the newborn from birth trauma. Differentiated from cephalhematoma by unrestriction by the sutures of the skull. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Casein The main protein in breastmilk. Creates the curd when digested in the infant stomach. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 26. Central pedicle technique Breast reduction surgical technique. Intended to keep ducts intact. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 654. Cephalexin/Keflex Antibiotic, L1. Observe for change in intestinal flora; compatible. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 178. Cephalhematoma Collection of blood beneath the periosteum due to birth trauma; contrasted with caput succedaneum, where the effusion overlies the periosteum and consists of serum. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Chamomile A herb, L3. Used for anti-inflammatory, calminative, antispasmodic, milk sedative, and antiseptic properties. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 202. Chicken pox A virus infection, mothers can continue to breastfeed. Antibodies from her breastmilk provides immunity for the baby. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 202- 203. Chi-square Statistical procedure that uses nominal level data and determines significant differences between observed frequencies in relation to data and expected frequencies. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Choanal atresia A rare congenital anomaly, blocked posterior nostrils on one or both sides. Feedings by mouth are either difficult or impossible. Surgery opens the airways. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 644. Chylothorax Congenital anomaly, obstruction of the lymphatic system. Chyle (lymphatic fluid) collects in the chest cavity and is drained via chest tubes. Managed by diet and medication. Fat free breastmilk has been used successfully. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 648- 649. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) Antibiotic, L3. Recently approved by AAP. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 178. Hale, 2010, Medications in Mothers' Milk. p. 224. Claritin/Loratadine Long-acting antihistamine, L1. Observe for sedation, dry mouth, and tachycardia. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 617. CMV Cytomegalovirus Type of herpes virus found in human milk, genital tract, urine, and pharynx. Transmitted by close contact. Avoid pumping or breastfeeding in premature infants if mom has acute The amount of cream in a milk sample. The amount of cream (fat) varies from mother to mother, feeding to feeding, and throughout the course of lactation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Cross-nursing Informal, short term wet nursing. Typically seen in the context of child care. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Cultural competency Ability to understand, communicate, and interact effectively with people from different cultures. Four components: Awareness of one's own cultural worldview; attitude towards cultural differences; knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews; cross- cultural skills. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_Competency. Cultural relativism Acknowledging the variation in beliefs and actions given to the behaviors of different cultures. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Culture The values, beliefs, norms, and practices shared by a group of people that guide the thoughts and behaviors of that group. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Cyanotic/Cyanosis Bluish coloring due to low oxygen levels. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 296-296. Cytoprotective Protection from inflammation and death for cells. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 854. De- Latin word meaning "of" or "from." Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De. Deductive reasoning Process of reasoning from a general premise to the concrete and specific. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. Deontology Approach to ethics that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to rules. Described as duty or obligation, because rules 'binds you to your duty'. Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deontology. Dependent variable Variable the investigator measures in response to the independent or treatment variable; the outcome variable that is affected by the independent variable. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 865. DHA & ARA Docosahexanoic acid and Arachidonic acid. Essential fatty acids known for improving visual acuity and cognitive ability. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 125- 126. Diffusion Process by which the molecules of one substance (e.g., a drug) are spread uniformly throughout blood or plasma. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Dioxin Chemical contaminant in the environment. As dioxin levels increase, the EPA has still determined it safe for mothers to breastfeed in the United States. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 369. Disaccharide Complex sugar consisting of two monosaccharides. Forms the principle sugar in breastmilk, known as lactose. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Distal Remote from the point of attachment or origin. Opposite of proximal. Wikitionary. Available online: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distal. Dong quai Herb contraindicated in lactation. Used to quell uterine cramps. Humphrey, 2003. The Nursing Mother's Herbal, page 239. Donor milk Human milk voluntarily given to a milk bank. Donor is screened, milk is pasteurized. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Dopamine A prolactin inhibiting factor. Decrease releases prolactin and milk production begins. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Epidural Analgesia for childbirth. Anesthesia is placed in the epidural space just outside of the dura mater. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 217. Epiglottis Cartilaginous structure of the larynx, just below the soft palate. When the infant swallows it closes the larynx maintaining passage of milk to the esophagus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Estrogen This hormone dramatically drops after birth allowing milk production to begin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Ethical altruism Ethical doctrine that holds that individuals have a moral obligation to help, serve, or benefit others, if necessary at the sacrifice of self interest. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_altruism. Ethical egoism Ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_egoism. Ethnocentrism Assessing other cultures based on how one's own culture defines appropriate behavior. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Ethnography A research method that attempts to understand the beliefs, practices, and behaviors of the culture of study from the perspective of those living within the culture. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Exclusive Breastfeeding Feeding with only breastmilk, no supplements of water, glucose water, artificial breastmilk, or foods. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 296-297. Exercise and breastfeeding Moderate exercise is fine. Exercise to exhaustion can increase lactic acid levels in milk and baby may refuse to breastfeed. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 501. Exocytosis A cell releases secretory vesicles as in production of protein and lactose in the alveoli. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/exocytosis. Exogenous Derived from outside the body - such as iron supplements. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Expected daily weight gain in the first 3 months 15-30 grams or 1/2 to 1 ounce a day. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 284. Expected daily weight gain in the first 3 months 15-30 grams or 1/2 to 1 ounce a day. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 284. Extension Unbending movement around a joint in a limb that increases the angle between the bones. Opposite of Flexion. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/extension. External validity Extent to which study findings can be generalized to samples and settings different from those studied. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Extraneous variable Variables that can affect the relationship of the independent and dependent variables (i.e., interfere with the effect of treatment. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Fat soluble vitamins Vitamins including A, D, E, K. These vitamins are not affected by recent maternal diet, as they can be stored in the body. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 128. Fentanyl/Sublimaze Opiate analgesic, L2. A narcotic analgesic used during labor and delivery. Controversy about effect on breastfeeding. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 405. Fenugreek Milk, milk products, broccoli, kale, and most grains. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-Consumer/. Foods containing folic acid Leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, dried beans and peas. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/. Foods containing iron Meat, fish, poultry, lentils, and beans. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/. Foods containing Vit B12 Animal products, such as fish, meat, poultry, eggs, milk and milk products. For vegetarians, fortified cereals or nutritional yeast. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitaminb12/. Foods containing Vit C Citrus fruits, peppers, broccoli, and strawberries. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-Consumer/. Foods containing Vit E Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and green leafy vegetables. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamine/. Foremilk The milk at the beginning of a breastfeeding. This milk has low fat content. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Fortification of breastmilk The process of adding extra nutrients to breastmilk for premature infants. These nutrients can be derived from human milk or cow's milk base. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 46-47. Fourth intercostal nerve Essential for inervation of the nipple. Enters the areola at 5 o'clock position on the left breast and the 7 o'clock position on the right breast. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 56. Frenotomy Release of tongue tie by clipping the lingual frenulum. Often preformed without anesthesia with few complications. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 389. Frenulectomy/frenuloplasty Surgical procedure to release a tongue tie. Used for more extensive tongue tie. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 389. Frenulum Membrane on the underside of the tongue that anchors it to the floor of the mouth. If short or tight it may restrict tongue extension and cause breastfeeding problems. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Gag reflex Reflex that protects the airway by causing a contraction in the back of the throat. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 229 & 585. Galactocele A milk filled lacteal cyst. Most frequent lump found in a lactating breast. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page311. Galactogogue A food, herb or drug that is thought to increase milk supply in lactating women. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Galactopoiesis Maintaining lactation once lactogenesis has been established. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Galactorrhea Secretion of breastmilk in non-lactation women. Common among women who have previously been pregnant or breastfed. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 93. Galactose A monosaccharide derived from lactose. Helps with central nervous system development. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Galactosemia Disorder of the metabolism of galactose, a milk sugar. Baby must be on galactose-free formula. Harmless color change in a newborn in which the dependent side of the body is a deep color while the other side is pale. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. HBIG Hepatitis B specific immunoglobulin. Infants who are born to mothers with hepatitis B should receive this immunization at birth. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 698. HBV Hepatitis B Virus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 205. HELLP syndrome H (intravascular hemolysis), EL (elevated liver enzymes; LP (low platelets). Develops as a result of pre-eclampsia in about 0.1% of women. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 610-611. Hematemesis Vomiting of blood. The bleeding may be from the infant's upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract or a crack in the mother's nipple. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Hepatitis A Acute viral infection of the liver usually transmitted through food and water-borne routes. The newborn can be infected by vertical transmission from the mother. Baby and mother should be given gamma globulin. Breastfeeding can proceed as normal. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 697. Hepatitis B Acute viral infection of the liver. It is safe for baby to breastfeed from infected mother, if baby receives a hepatitis vaccine with 12 hours after birth. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 205. Hepatitis C Chronic viral infection of the liver. Breastfeeding is allowed if mother's titers are not high. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 205- 206. Hepatitis D Viral infection of the liver, usually a co-infection with Hepatitis B. Once immunization has begun breastfeeding can begin. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 698. Hepatitis E Viral infection of the liver that is self-limited and is not chronic. It is typically association with water contamination. Breastfeeding is considered safe. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 698. Hepatitis G Viral infection of the liver is associated with blood transfusions and has not been proven to transmit through breastmilk. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 698. Heroine Narcotic analgesic, L5. Not recommended for breastfeeding. Infant should be observed for sedation, tremors, vomiting, restlessness, and poor feeding. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 500. HSV Herpes Simplex Virus Sexually transmitted disease. Type 1 is infection of the genitalia. Type 2 occurs in the mouth region. However, lesions can occur on any place of the body including the breasts. Infants should not come in contact with active lesions. Good hand washing should be encouraged. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 201- 202. High Temperature Short Time Pasteurization Method of pasteurization of breastmilk to preserve nutrients. www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/265421/high-temperature-short-time-method Hind-milk The milk at the end of a breastfeeding. This milk has a higher fat content. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HIV/AIDS Sexually transmitted disease. Antiretroviral drugs are helpful in prevention of it's spread to infant during pregnancy. In the U.S. it is recommended that women do not breastfeed. In developing countries exclusive breastfeeding is recommended. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 198- 199. Holder pasteurization Higher-than-normal prolactin levels, which may result in spontaneous breastmilk production and amenorrhea. Causes include pituitary tumors and some pharmaceuticals. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Hyperthelia Having supernumerary nipples (extra nipples). Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/hyperthelia. Hypo- Meaning "deficient." Wiktionary. en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypo-. Hypoglycemia Low blood glucose levels. Breastfed infants tend to have lower glucose levels than formula fed infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 233. Hypothalamus Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Secrets the prolactin-inhibiting factor (dopamine). Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 225. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Hypoxia Low blood oxygen causing tachycardia, hypertension, peripheral, vasoconstriction, dizziness, and mental confusion. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. IDM Infant of Diabetic Mother Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 227-241. IgE mediated allergy Allergic reaction to food causing immediate, systemic reaction; can sometimes be severe. Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergy. Immunoglobulin Proteins produced by plasma cells to respond to a immunogen. The 5 different types include: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 142. Incidence the relative frequency of occurrence of something Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Incubation period Period between exposure to infectious pathogens and the first signs of illness. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Independent variable Experimental (treatment) variable that is manipulated by the investigator to influence the dependent (outcome) variable. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Induced lactation The process of stimulating milk production in a woman who has not been pregnant for the current child. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Inductive reasoning Process of reasoning from specific observations or abstractions to a general premise. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Inferior pedicle technique Breast reduction surgical technique. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 654. Informed consent A patient has been given full information and offered appropriate options. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_consent. Inframammary incision Technique used in breast augmentation where the incision is made in the fold under the breast and the implant is placed under the breast tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 309. Insulin/humulin Hormone that regulates carbohydrate and fats. L1, no concerns reported breastmilk. Insulin is too large a molecule to be secreted into breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 537. Internal validity Extent to which manipulation of the independent variable makes a significant difference on the dependent variable, or the extent to which the independent variable, rather than Smiles at sound of voices. Lifts head and chest while on stomach. WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on- track. Key milestones 3 months Raises head and chest while on stomach, holds head up for periods of time, grasps objects, smiles at people, makes vowel noises. WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on- track; Wikipedia. //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development_stages. Key milestones 4 months Babbles, laughs, imitates sounds. Rolls over, sits with support, holds rattle. WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on- track. Key milestones 5 months Holds head steady, reaches for objects and gets them, places objects in mouth. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development_stages. Key milestones 6 months Rolls over, moves objects from hand to hand, pulls self up to sit, makes double syllable sounds like "dada". WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on- track; Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development_stages. Key milestones 9 months Responds to name, finds partially hidden objects, sits without support, crawls, picks up objects with pincer grasp. WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on- track; Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_development_stages. Key milestones 12 months Walks with or without support, beginning to say words, imitates people. WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on- track. Key milestones 18 months Walks independently, drinks from a cup, says at least 15 words. WebMD. Is Your Baby on Track? www.webmd.com/parenting/guide/is-your-baby-on- track? L 1 Drugs that have been taken by a large number of breastfeeding mothers with no observed adverse effects in infants. Controlled studies have not shown any risk or harm to infant or the drug is not orally bioavailable in the infant. These drugs are considered "safest" to use when breastfeeding. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 15. L 2 Drugs that have not been widely studied in breastfeeding women, but have not been shown to have an adverse effect on the infant or the risk of adverse effect is unlikely. These drugs are considered "safe" for breastfeeding moms to use. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 15. L 3 Drugs that have no controlled studies on breastfeeding women or the adverse effect shown by controlled studies is only minimal. These drugs should only be given if the benefit justifies the potential risk to the infant. These drugs are considered "moderately safe" for breastfeeding moms to use. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 15. L 4 Drugs with positive evidence of risk to breastfeed infant or to breastmilk production. However, the benefits for the breastfeeding mother may justify the risk to the infant. These types of drugs are considered "possibly hazardous" for breastfeeding women to use. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 15. L 5 These drugs are considered "contraindicated" for breastfeeding mothers to use. Studies or human experience have shown that there is a significant risk to infant. The risk of using these drugs in breastfeeding women clearly outweighs the benefit of breastfeeding. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 15. Lactase Enzyme needed by the infant to breakdown lactose in breastmilk to simple sugars. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Lactiferous ducts The 15-24 milk ducts that collect milk from ductules and carry it to the nipple. If the alveoli are the "grapes" these structures would be the "stems". Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Lactobacillus bifidus Main bacteria in the intestine of a breastfed infant. Called the bifidus factor, promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 144. Lactocyte Lauric and capric acid A crystalline fatty acid found in fats and oils, also called dodecanoic acid. Active against viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam- webster.com/medical/lauric+acid?show=0&t=1296699750 and http://www.merriam- webster.com/medical/capric%20acid. Left brained thinking The side of the brain characterized by vision and hearing, art, pleasure, feeling, subjectivity. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function Leptin A hormone found in breastmilk that regulates appetite, metabolism, and food intake. Not present in formula. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 146. Lesion Area of injured or diseased skin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Let-down reflex Milk Ejection Reflex Oxytocin causes the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli to contract and remove milk from the breast. Stimulated by the suckling infant and causes the suckling pattern to change from non-nutritive sucking to nutritive sucking as the milk flow increases. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 296-237. Leukocytes Living cells found in breastmilk that fight infection. Includes macrophages and lymphocytes. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. LGA Large for Gestational Age. Having a birth weight greater than the 90th percentile on intrauterine growth charts. There is a concern for hypoglycemia. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671- 672. Liability Professional responsibility for an occurrence or omission. Being the cause. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liability. Ligand Small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule (e.g., the binding of an antigen to an antibody, or of a hormone to a receptor). Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Likert scale Scale that primarily measures attitudes by asking respondents their degree of agreement or disagreement to a number of statements. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Lipase Enzyme that digests the fat in breastmilk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870 & 146. Lobe Clusters of several alveoli with their ducts. Each breast contains 15-20 of these structures. Included in each one is 10-100 alveoli. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 80. Lobule A structure composed of branching ductules that end in alveolar clusters. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 54. Low birth weight infant A birth weight of less than 2500 grams. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Low-dose birth control pills A type of hormonal birth control that includes both estrogen and progestin in lower doses. May reduce milk supply but less likely than estrogen based pills. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 728. Lymphocyte A developed leukocyte that is bactericidal. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Lyophilization A process preformed to obtain human milk nutrients used to fortify human milk. The milk is rapidly frozen and dried in a high vacuum. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Lysozyme Oral hypoglycemic agent for diabetes, L1. Can also be used to treat Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. No side effects reported. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 662. Metronidazole/Flagyl Antibiotic, L2. Milk levels moderately high, but significantly less than pediatric therapeutic dose (15 mg/kg/d). Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 179. Micrognathia Underdevelopment of the jaw, especially the mandible. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Mastitis Milk fever Breast infection usually caused by S aureus. Localized breast tenderness and flu-like symptoms, hot, reddened spot on the breast. Stress, cracked nipples, plugged ducts, large milk supply, and engorgement/milk statis are risk factors. Treated with dicloxacillin, amoxycillin-clavulinic acid, cephalexin, erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin or nafcillin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 294- 295. Milk stasis Breastmilk retention causing uncomfortable breast fullness. Results in slower milk production. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page264. Milk-plasma ratio Quantity of a drug in human milk in relation to maternal plasma. If the M/P ratio > 1.00, the drug is found in greater quantities in milk than in plasma. M/P ratio < 1.00, the drug is found in lesser quantities in milk than plasma. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Hale, Medicaitons in Mother's Milk 2010, p 18. Mitosis Cell division in which each daughter cell contains the same DNA as the parent cell. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Mode The value that occurs most frequently in a data set. For example, if the data set is 1, 3, 3, 3, 5, 7, 8, 8, the mode is 3. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_(statistics). Molecular weight The chemical size of a molecule of a drug. The smaller the molecular weight of the medication (9300 Daltons or lower) the greater the diffusion across cell membranes. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 167. Mongolian spots A bluish-black pigmented area on the newborn's buttocks or back. Seen in newborns with dark skin and typically fade over time. Can easily be confused for bruising. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 686. Morbidity Number of ill persons or instances of disease in a specific population. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Mortality Number of deaths in a specific population. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Mucous membranes Membranes that line body passages or cavities that communicate directly or indirectly with the exterior (such as respiratory tract). Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam- webster.com/medical/mucous%20membrane. Multiparous Having carried two or more pregnancies to viability. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Myelination Protective fatty sheath around nerve fibers. Long-chain polyunsaturated fats that are important to myelination are abundant in human milk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Myoepithelial cells Contractile cells that surround the milk secreting alveoli creating the milk letdown. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Necrotizing enterocolitis Inflammation of the intestinal tract that may cause tissue to die. Premature infants not receiving human milk are at markedly greater risk for this serious complication. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Neonatal period Birth through the first 26 days of life. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Newborn normal heart rate (birth to one year) Maternal obesity is linked to hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and a greater risk of birth interventions. Delays lactogenesis, lower milk supply and earlier weaning. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 255. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 107. Oligosaccharide A carbohydrate consisting of monosaccharides found in breastmilk. Antibacterial properties. Promotes the growth of Lactobacillus bifidus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Operational definition Explicit description of a concept or variable of interest in measurable terms. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Orbicularis oris Muscle made up of several layers of fibers passing in different directions that encircles the mouth and controls most movements of the lips (as compressing, closing, or pursing movements). Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam- webster.com/medical/orbicularis+oris. Osteoporosis A condition of bone loss. Breastfeeding for 6 months or longer is the best protection against bone loss. Although calcium is lost during breastfeeding, more calcium is deposited after weaning. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 510. Oxytocin Hormone responsible for the milk-ejection-reflex. Causes contraction of uterus after delivery and creates a sense of calmness and relaxation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91. Paced bottle feeding Style of bottle feeding that helps avoid overly fast flow, especially in less mature infants. This technique includes: positioning infant upright in the caregiver's arms, positioning bottle horizontally with just enough angel to keep milk in the tip of the nipple, and pacing the feeding to approximately the same time as a breastfeeding would take. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 243. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 559. Paget's disease Type of breast cancer, 1-3% of all breast cancers. Occurs unilateral with demarcated, red, scaly plaque on the nipple and/or areola. Blood tinged discharge, pain, crusting, itching, burning, skin thickening, redness, ulceration, or nipple retraction. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 652. Palate, hard The hard portion of the roof of the mouth. During breastfeeding the infant compresses the breast tissue against this area with his tongue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Palate, soft The soft portion of the roof of the mouth, located between the hard palate and the throat. This area rises when the infant swallows to close the nasal passages. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Pancreas A large gland that secretes digestive enzymes which pass through the intestine and break-down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. It also secretes insulin. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/pancreas. Parametric statistics Statistical procedures used when a sample is randomly selected, represents a normal distribution of the target population, and is considered sufficiently large in size, and interval level data are collected. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Parenchyma Essential and distinctive tissue of an organ as distinguished from its supportive framework. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/parenchyma. Parenteral Introduction of fluids, nutrients, or drugs into the body by an avenue other than the digestive tract (intravenous, intramuscular). Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Passive immunity Immunity passed to infant by antibodies manufactured passed to the infant transplacentally or in breastmilk. Passive immunity is temporary. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Passive transport Passage of drug into breastmilk by diffusion, molecular weight and relative amount of drug circulating in maternal serum. Hale & Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 467. Pasteurization Pierre Robin Syndrome Syndrome of oral facial abnormalities, micrognathia (a small jaw) and glossoptosis (tongue often blocks airway). Cleft palates are common. Difficulty maintaining the airway frequently causes feeding problems. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 643- 644.. PIH Pregnancy Induced Hypertension Preeclampsia or toxemia. Characterized by increased blood pressure during pregnancy, after 20 weeks gestation. Treatment often includes preterm delivery. Can progress to HELLP syndrome. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 470 & 610. Pinch test Compressing the areola to see wither the nipple protrudes or retracts. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 63. pKa Ph of a drug when equally ionic and nonionic. Drugs with pKa higher than 7.2 may be sequestered in breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications in Mother's Milk, p. 19. Placenta Intrauterine organ that transfers nutrients from the mother to the fetus. After the delivery the drop in estrogen and progesterone levels allows milk secretion to begin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Polycystic ovarian (ovary) syndrome A endocrine-metabolic disorder where multiple cysts interfere with ovarian function. Common symptoms are unusual breast development, amenorrhea, male pattern hair growth, obesity. Can effect milk supply. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 523. Polymastia Having more than 2 breasts. Additional breasts occur along the milk line and typically have little glandular tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Population Total set of individuals that meet the study criteria from which the sample is drawn and about whom findings can be generalized. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Port wine stain Nevus flammeus. Reddish or flat pink lesion that does not blanch with pressure, caused by dilated capillaries below the epidermal skin. This lesion usually remains constant in size and does not fade with time. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 686. Post- After, later than. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/post-. Posterior pituitary This gland releases oxytocin into the blood effecting milk ejection. It is susceptible to stress. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91. Power Probability that a statistical test will reject a null hypothesis when it should be rejected, or, in other words, detect a significant difference that does not exist. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. PPD Postpartum Depression 3 types of disorders: Postpartum blues is a temporary depression lasting a few days. Postpartum depression is a mild to moderate depression lasting at least 2 weeks. Postpartum psychosis is the most severe form, beginning at 2-4 weeks postpartum. Mothers may have insomnia, irrational ideas, feelings of failure, depression, hallucinations, and self-accusatory thoughts. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 539. Pre- Prior to, before, earlier than. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/pre-. Prednisone Steroid, L2. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Safe for short term use. Preeclampsia Characterized by increased blood pressure during pregnancy, after 20 weeks gestation. Treatment often includes preterm delivery. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 610. Premature infant Born at less 37 weeks gestation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Preterm infant (weeks of gestation) Temporary vascular condition; intense pain and pallor of the skin (usually of the fingers or toes, but in breastfeeding woman the nipples), cause by vasospasm. Can include white, red and blue phases. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Reliability Degree to which collected data are accurate, consistent, precise, and stable over time. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Reverse pressure softening Technique to allow feeding on an engorged breast: apply steady pressure with fingers around the areola, pressing back towards chest wall. Moves edema towards lymphatic drainage system, triggers milk ejection reflex by stimulating nerves near the areola. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page241. Rickets Abnormal calcification of the bones and changes in growth plates that lead to soft or weak bones due to lack of Vitamin D. AAP advises that full-term breastfed infants receive vitamin D supplement beginning at 2 months of age." Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Right brained thinking The side of the brain characterized by logic, order, analysis, sequential. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function Rooting reflex Infant turns his head towards touch and opens mouth. Appears at 28 weeks gestation and disappears around 4 months. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 698. Rotavirus Viral illness causing severe diarrhea. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. RSV Respiratory syncytial virus. Viral respiratory illness; can be severe in infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Rugae The ridges behind the gum line on the hard palate. This structure helps the infant to maintain grasp of the breast during suckling. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Sample Subset of the population selected for study. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Sampling Procedure of selecting the sample from the population of interest. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Secretory IgA Immunoglobulin that forms antibodies in body and is critical in mucosal immunity. The most common immunoglobulin in breastmilk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 142. Separation Anxiety Three stages: Protest stage a child attempts to recover the mother/caregiver by crying, kicking, screaming for a few hours to days. Despair stage a child grieves or mourns as they accept their new environment. May show regressive behavior, such as sucking the thumb. Denial or detachment a child begins to interact and approach others. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 595. Sepsis Presence of bacteria in fluid or tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Seroconvert Serum shows the presence of a factor that previously was absent. Ex., when cytomegalovirus antibodies become present in blood due to CMV disease the person is said to have seroconverted. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873- 874. Seropositive/Seronegative Serum that demonstrates (positive) or does not demonstrate (negative) the presence of a factor. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Serum Clear fluid portion of blood that remains after coagulation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Serum albumin Protein in serum (blood). Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. SGA Small for Gestational Age Having a birth weight that is below the 10th percentile on intrauterine growth charts. There is a concern for malnutrition and hypoglycemia. Lying on one's back. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Supplementing at breast System for supplementing the baby while feeding at the breast. Reservoir holding milk with a tube attached that is secured to the breast. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 414. Switch nursing Baby is switched back and forth between the two breasts during a feeding to help stimulate multiple letdowns and increase milk intake. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Symbiosis Intimate association of two different kinds of organisms. An example is the breastfeeding dyad. T cells Any of several kinds of thymic lymphoid cells or lymphocytes that help to regulate cellular immune response. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Tachycardia Relatively rapid heart rate whether physiological (as after exercise) or pathological. Opposite of bradycardia. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/tachycardia. Tachypnea Abnormally rapid rate of breathing. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Tanner stages Five stages of sexual development in adolescence evaluating pubic hair, genitals and breast development Merck manuals Online Medical Library. www.merckmanuals.com/professional/sec18/ch243/ch243a.html?qt=tanner stages&alt=sh. Target population Population that is of interest to the investigator and about which generalizations of study results are intended. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. TB Tuberculosis Contagious bacterial infection usually involves lungs. Mothers may breastfeed after treatment is begun. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 525. TE Fistula Tracheoesophageal fistula A fistula (passage way) between the trachea and esophagus. Oral feedings are withheld until the fistula is surgically repaired due to the risk of aspiration. Merck manuals Online Medical Library. www.merckmanuals.com/professional/sec19/ch289/ch289b.html?qt=tracheoesophageal fistula&alt=sh. Teleology The belief that all events are directed toward some ultimate purpose. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Ten Steps Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative uses the Ten Steps as outlined by UNICEF/WHO. Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative USA. www.babyfriendlyusa.org/eng/10steps.html. Thyroid stimulating hormone Promotes mammary growth and lactation through a permissive rather than a regulatory role. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 90. TORCH diseases Acronym for organisms that can damage the fetus: toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 204 & 875. Torticollis Condition of the neck in which the cervical muscles are contracted, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Tracheomalacia Malformation of the trachea cartilage causing collapse and wheezing sound during respiration. Mannel, et al. Core Curriculum, 2008, p. 633. Transcutaneous bilimeter Device that estimates bilirubin concentrations in the blood by measuring the intensity of yellowish skin coloration. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Transitional milk Velum The soft palate. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 95. Vertical axis The "X" axis in a graph The X-axis and Y-axis remembered. www.gradeamathhelp.com/x-axis-and-y-axis.html Vertical transmission Transmission of infection from mother to child transplacentally or through breastmilk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Very low birth weight infant A birth weight of less than 1500 grams. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Virtue ethics Approach to ethics that emphasizes the character of the moral agent, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_ethics. Vitamin D A fat soluble vitamin that prevent rickets. Produced in the skin from exposure to sunlight. Found in fatty fish, eggs and meat. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 128. Vitamin K Fat soluble vitamin necessary for blood clotting. Insufficient amounts of this vitamin can cause hemorrhagic disease. Injections of this vitamin are routinely given postpartum to infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 129. WABA World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action Formed in 1991, this global organization's goal is to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding. World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action. www.waba.org.my/aboutus.htm. Water soluble vitamin Dissolve in water and not stored in the body. Vitamin C, nicotinic acid, B12, riboflavin, and B6. B12 can be deficient in women who eat a vegan diet. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 129. Weaning milk Breastmilk during the end of lactation (whether intentional or unintentional). This milk is higher in sodium and immunoglobins. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 676. West Nile Virus Viral disease spread by mosquitos. Breastfeeding is permitted. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 206. Wet nurses A woman who breastfeeds a infant that is not her own. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Whey The liquid portion of milk that is left after curds separate. Primarily consists of proteins alphalactalbumin and lactoferrin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Whey:Casein ratio Ratio changes throughout lactation. Early milk the ratio is 90:10, mature milk is 60:40, weaning milk is 50:50. The ratio in formula is 20:80. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 26. WHO Code International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk substitutes The code protects and promotes breastfeeding by ensuring the proper use of breastmilk substitutes. The code applies to the marketing of formula, milk products, beverages, complimentary foods used for the replacement of breastmilk. The code covers the marketing of feeding bottles and nipples (teats). World Health Organization, 1981. International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes, page 8. www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf. Witch's milk Colostrum, formed under the influence of maternal hormones, which may be temporarily present in newborn's breasts. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Zoloft/Sertraline Antidepressant, L2. A serotonin re-uptake inhibitor with a short half-life. No concerns reported via breastmilk, probably safe for breastfeeding. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 930.