IBCLC FINAL EXAM Questions with Correct Answers Rated A+ Latest Updates 2024, Exams of Nursing

Download IBCLC FINAL EXAM Questions with Correct Answers Rated A+ Latest Updates 2024 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! IBCLC FINAL EXAM Questions with Correct Answers Rated A+ Latest Updates 2024 % of breastmilk that is carbohydrates - Answer- Approximately 7% Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_milk. % of breastmilk that is fat - Answer- Approximately 4% Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 50. % of breastmilk that is protein - Answer- Approximately .8 - 1 % Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272. % of calories in breastmilk from carbohydrates - Answer- Approximately 40% Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 69. % of calories in breastmilk from fat - Answer- Approximately 50% Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 124. % of calories in breastmilk from protein - Answer- Approximately 10% Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 272. Acinus - Answer- Any of the small sacs or alveoli that terminate the ducts and are lined with secretory cells. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. Available online: http://www.merriam- webster.com/medical/acinus?show=0&t=1296699192 Acrocyanosis - Answer- Bluish discoloration of the hands and feet in the newborn; peripheral cyanosis. Should not persist beyond 24 hours after birth. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Active immunity - Answer- Immunity conferred by the production of antibodies by one's own immune system. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Active transport - Answer- Passage of drug into breastmilk assisted by components in breastmilk. Hale & Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 470. Acyclovir/Zovirax - Answer- Antiviral used to treat herpes infections, L2. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177. Aerobic bacteria - Answer- Bacteria requiring air for metabolic processes. The breast is colonized with this type of bacteria. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. AGA - Answer- Appropriate for Gestational Age. Having a birth weight between the 10th and 90th percentile on intrauterine growth charts. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Alcohol and breastfeeding - Answer- Alcohol can decrease milk supply. Breastfeeding must be interrupted for 1 hour per drink, or until mother is sober. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 171 & 188. Aldomet/Methyldopa - Answer- Antihypertensive, L2. Frequently used to treat hypertension during pregnancy. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 667. Allergen - Answer- A substance that causes an allergic response, such as foods, drugs, inhalants. Cow's milk is common source for infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Αlphalactalbumin - Answer- A major protein found in human milk whey. Assists in processing lactose. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Alveolar ridge - Answer- The ridges on the upper and lower jaw where infant's teeth will grow. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 863. Alveolus, alveoli - Answer- Secrete and store milk for let down. Surrounded by myoepithelial cells, contractile cells and connective tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 80. Amenorrhea - Answer- A natural phase of infertility that takes place when a mother is exclusively breastfeeding. Menstruation has not returned. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 707 &865. Amoxicillin - Answer- Antibiotic, L2. Observe for change in intestinal flora, compatible. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177. Ampicillin - Answer- Antibiotic, L1. Observe for change in intestinal flora, compatible. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 177. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Bactrim/Septra - Answer- Sulfonamide antibiotic, L3. The mixture of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 249. BALT/GALT/MALT - Answer- Bronchus/gut/mammary-associated immunocompetent lymphoid tissue. Intermammary pathway. IgA antibodies are transferred through breastmilk to the infant. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Basic research - Answer- Research that generates knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Bed-sharing - Answer- Sharing adult bed with baby. Questioned safety in reduction of SIDS. Safe bed sharing has been shown to extend the duration of breastfeeding. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 282- 283. Bellagio Consensus Conference - Answer- Meeting to develop protocol for the Lactational Amenorrhea Method of birth control. 1988. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 714- 715. Beneficence - Answer- The duty to do good. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 31. BFHI Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative - Answer- Initiative by UNICEF and WHO (1991) to support breastfeeding in hospitals and maternity centers. "The 10 Steps". Unicef. Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Available online: http://www.unicef.org/programme/breastfeeding/baby.htm. Bioavailable - Answer- The amount of a nutrient that is actually absorbed by the body. Nutrients found in breastmilk are easily absorbed by the infant's body. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Bisphenol A - Answer- (BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in infants. Now banned. (BPA) organic compound found in plastics. Linked to disease in infants. Now banned. Bivariate - Answer- Statistics derived from the analysis of the relationship between two variables. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Blessed thistle - Answer- An herbal galactagogue. L3. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 592. Bolus - Answer- A quantity of medication given by IV, or a quantity of fluid (milk) given orally. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bolus. Bradycardia - Answer- Relatively slow heart rate. Opposite of tachycardia. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/bradycardia. Breastfeeding dyad - Answer- A breastfeeding mother and baby. Buccal pads - Answer- Fat pads on the masseter muscles in an infant's cheeks giving them a plump cheeked appearance. Provide stability for the tongue during suckling. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Calories in breastmilk - Answer- Mature milk has approximately 20 cal/oz. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 227. Candidiasis - Answer- Fungal infection caused by Candida albicans; also called "thrush." Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Caput succedaneum - Answer- Diffuse swelling or collection of serum under the scalp of the newborn from birth trauma. Differentiated from cephalhematoma by unrestriction by the sutures of the skull. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Casein - Answer- The main protein in breastmilk. Creates the curd when digested in the infant stomach. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 26. Central pedicle technique - Answer- Breast reduction surgical technique. Intended to keep ducts intact. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 654. Cephalexin/Keflex - Answer- Antibiotic, L1. Observe for change in intestinal flora; compatible. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 178. Cephalhematoma - Answer- Collection of blood beneath the periosteum due to birth trauma; contrasted with caput succedaneum, where the effusion overlies the periosteum and consists of serum. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Chamomile - Answer- A herb, L3. Used for anti-inflammatory, calminative, antispasmodic, milk sedative, and antiseptic properties. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 202. Chicken pox - Answer- A virus infection, mothers can continue to breastfeed. Antibodies from her breastmilk provides immunity for the baby. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 202- 203. Chi-square - Answer- Statistical procedure that uses nominal level data and determines significant differences between observed frequencies in relation to data and expected frequencies. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 864. Choanal atresia - Answer- A rare congenital anomaly, blocked posterior nostrils on one or both sides. Feedings by mouth are either difficult or impossible. Surgery opens the airways. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 644. Chylothorax - Answer- Congenital anomaly, obstruction of the lymphatic system. Chyle (lymphatic fluid) collects in the chest cavity and is drained via chest tubes. Managed by diet and medication. Fat free breastmilk has been used successfully. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 648- 649. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) - Answer- Antibiotic, L3. Recently approved by AAP. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 178. Hale, 2010, Medications in Mothers' Milk. p. 224. Claritin/Loratadine - Answer- Long-acting antihistamine, L1. Observe for sedation, dry mouth, and tachycardia. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 617. CMV Cytomegalovirus - Answer- Type of herpes virus found in human milk, genital tract, urine, and pharynx. Transmitted by close contact. Avoid pumping or breastfeeding in premature infants if mom has acute infection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 204. Colic - Answer- Syndrome in early infancy characterized by episodic loud crying, apparent abdominal pain (legs drawn up and rigid abdomen) and irritability. DHA & ARA - Answer- Docosahexanoic acid and Arachidonic acid. Essential fatty acids known for improving visual acuity and cognitive ability. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 125- 126. Diffusion - Answer- Process by which the molecules of one substance (e.g., a drug) are spread uniformly throughout blood or plasma. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Dioxin - Answer- Chemical contaminant in the environment. As dioxin levels increase, the EPA has still determined it safe for mothers to breastfeed in the United States. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 369. Disaccharide - Answer- Complex sugar consisting of two monosaccharides. Forms the principle sugar in breastmilk, known as lactose. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Distal - Answer- Remote from the point of attachment or origin. Opposite of proximal. Wikitionary. Available online: http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distal. Dong quai - Answer- Herb contraindicated in lactation. Used to quell uterine cramps. Humphrey, 2003. The Nursing Mother's Herbal, page 239. Donor milk - Answer- Human milk voluntarily given to a milk bank. Donor is screened, milk is pasteurized. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Dopamine - Answer- A prolactin inhibiting factor. Decrease releases prolactin and milk production begins. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Down Syndrome - Answer- Duplication of the 21st chromosome. Characterized by epicanthal folds, a flat nasal bridge, broad hands and short fingers, a single crease in the upper palm (simian crease), a flattened forehead, small mouth, large tongue (macroglossia), and hypotonia. Some have congenital heart disease. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 636. DRGs - Answer- Diagnostic Related Groups, used by insurance companies for reimbursement. Diagnostic Related Groups, used by insurance companies for reimbursement. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnosis-related_group. Drip milk - Answer- Milk that leaks from the opposite breast during a feeding. This milk is low in fat. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Ductules - Answer- The small ducts in the mammary gland that transfer the milk from the alveoli to the lactiferous ducts. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Echinacea - Answer- Herbal immunostimulant, L3. Known for stimulating immune system and wound healing. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 348. Eczema - Answer- A skin inflammation or rash. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Eminences of the pars villosa - Answer- "Tiny swellings on the inner surfaces of the infant's lips that help the infant to retain a grasp on the breast during suckling." Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. EMM/EBM - Answer- Expressed Mother's Milk/Expressed Breastmilk. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 163. Endocrine control - Answer- The point in lactation when milk supply is hormone driven. Milk will come in whether or not a mother is breastfeeding. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 92. Enteromammary system - Answer- Antigens enter maternal gut, pass to the lymph system where IgA specific antibodies are produced, then enter breastmilk. Hale and Hartman, 2007. Textbook of Human Lactation, page 200, 206 Enveloped virus - Answer- Virus that cannot infect other cells without a coat (envelope). If the envelope is destroyed (e.g., by heat or soap and water) it is unable to produce infection. Ex. Cytomegalovirus and the human immunodeficiency virus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Epidemiology - Answer- Study of the frequency and distribution of disease and the factors causing that frequency and distribution. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Epidural - Answer- Analgesia for childbirth. Anesthesia is placed in the epidural space just outside of the dura mater. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 217. Epiglottis - Answer- Cartilaginous structure of the larynx, just below the soft palate. When the infant swallows it closes the larynx maintaining passage of milk to the esophagus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Estrogen - Answer- This hormone dramatically drops after birth allowing milk production to begin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Ethical altruism - Answer- Ethical doctrine that holds that individuals have a moral obligation to help, serve, or benefit others, if necessary at the sacrifice of self interest. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_altruism. Ethical egoism - Answer- Ethical position that moral agents ought to do what is in their own self-interest. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_egoism. Ethnocentrism - Answer- Assessing other cultures based on how one's own culture defines appropriate behavior. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Ethnography - Answer- A research method that attempts to understand the beliefs, practices, and behaviors of the culture of study from the perspective of those living within the culture. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Exclusive Breastfeeding - Answer- Feeding with only breastmilk, no supplements of water, glucose water, artificial breastmilk, or foods. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 296-297. Exercise and breastfeeding - Answer- Moderate exercise is fine. Exercise to exhaustion can increase lactic acid levels in milk and baby may refuse to breastfeed. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 501. Exocytosis - Answer- A cell releases secretory vesicles as in production of protein and lactose in the alveoli. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/exocytosis. Exogenous - Answer- Derived from outside the body - such as iron supplements. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 866. Expected daily weight gain in the first 3 months - Answer- 15-30 grams or 1/2 to 1 ounce a day. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 284. Expected daily weight gain in the first 3 months - Answer- 15-30 grams or 1/2 to 1 ounce a day. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-Consumer/. Foods containing Vit E - Answer- Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils, and green leafy vegetables. National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplement. //ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/vitamine/. Foremilk - Answer- The milk at the beginning of a breastfeeding. This milk has low fat content. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Fortification of breastmilk - Answer- The process of adding extra nutrients to breastmilk for premature infants. These nutrients can be derived from human milk or cow's milk base. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 46-47. Fourth intercostal nerve - Answer- Essential for inervation of the nipple. Enters the areola at 5 o'clock position on the left breast and the 7 o'clock position on the right breast. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 56. Frenotomy - Answer- Release of tongue tie by clipping the lingual frenulum. Often preformed without anesthesia with few complications. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 389. Frenulectomy/frenuloplasty - Answer- Surgical procedure to release a tongue tie. Used for more extensive tongue tie. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 389. Frenulum - Answer- Membrane on the underside of the tongue that anchors it to the floor of the mouth. If short or tight it may restrict tongue extension and cause breastfeeding problems. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Gag reflex - Answer- Reflex that protects the airway by causing a contraction in the back of the throat. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 229 & 585. Galactocele - Answer- A milk filled lacteal cyst. Most frequent lump found in a lactating breast. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page311. Galactogogue - Answer- A food, herb or drug that is thought to increase milk supply in lactating women. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Galactopoiesis - Answer- Maintaining lactation once lactogenesis has been established. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Galactorrhea - Answer- Secretion of breastmilk in non-lactation women. Common among women who have previously been pregnant or breastfed. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 93. Galactose - Answer- A monosaccharide derived from lactose. Helps with central nervous system development. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Galactosemia - Answer- Disorder of the metabolism of galactose, a milk sugar. Baby must be on galactose-free formula. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 650 & 652. Gastroenteritis - Answer- Inflammation of the stomach and intestines resulting from bacterial or viral invasion. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Gastroschisis - Answer- Congenital malformation characterized by herniation of abdominal contents through a fusion defect. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Gentian violet - Answer- Purple dye with antifungal properties used to treat candida. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 303- 304. Gestational age - Answer- Infant's age since conception, usually specified in weeks and partial weeks. Counted from the first day of the last normal menstrual period. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Gigantomastia - Answer- Massive enlargement of breasts during pregnancy can result in tissue necrosis, ulceration, and infection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 307. Goat's Rue - Answer- An herbal galactagogue. Chemically similar to metformin. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 592. Golgi apparatus - Answer- Cytoplasmic organelle that is active in production and transport of breastmilk proteins—called also Golgi complex. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam- webster.com/medical/golgi%20apparatus. Group B Strep - Answer- Common streptococcus bacteria in lower intestines. Harmless in adults, serious infection in neonates. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 526. H1N1 - Answer- Commonly called the Swine Flu. Mother baby separation needed during communicable stage. May feed pumped breastmilk. www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/infantfeeding.htm Half-life - Answer- Length of time for half of a drug dosage to be eliminated. Five half- lives from time of original dosage usually clears the drug. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Hand expression - Answer- The manual removal of milk. Mothers push hands back towards chest wall and then roll fingers towards the nipple. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 241. Harlequin sign - Answer- Harmless color change in a newborn in which the dependent side of the body is a deep color while the other side is pale. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. HBIG - Answer- Hepatitis B specific immunoglobulin. Infants who are born to mothers with hepatitis B should receive this immunization at birth. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 698. HBV - Answer- Hepatitis B Virus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 205. HELLP syndrome - Answer- H (intravascular hemolysis), EL (elevated liver enzymes; LP (low platelets). Develops as a result of pre-eclampsia in about 0.1% of women. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 610-611. Hematemesis - Answer- Vomiting of blood. The bleeding may be from the infant's upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract or a crack in the mother's nipple. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 867. Hepatitis A - Answer- Acute viral infection of the liver usually transmitted through food and water-borne routes. The newborn can be infected by vertical transmission from the mother. Baby and mother should be given gamma globulin. Breastfeeding can proceed as normal. Creasy, Resnik, Iams, 2004. Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice (5th ed.), page 139. Hyperalimentation - Answer- Intravenous feeding of an infant, commonly a very premature infant, with a solution of amino acids, glucose, electrolytes, and vitamins. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Hyperbilirubinemia - Answer- A condition characterized by elevated levels of bilirubin and decreased elimination of bilirubin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 367 & 370. Hyperprolactinemia - Answer- Higher-than-normal prolactin levels, which may result in spontaneous breastmilk production and amenorrhea. Causes include pituitary tumors and some pharmaceuticals. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Hyperthelia - Answer- Having supernumerary nipples (extra nipples). Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/hyperthelia. Hypo- - Answer- Meaning "deficient." Wiktionary. en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypo-. Hypoglycemia - Answer- Low blood glucose levels. Breastfed infants tend to have lower glucose levels than formula fed infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 233. Hypothalamus - Answer- Links the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland. Secrets the prolactin-inhibiting factor (dopamine). Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 225. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Hypoxia - Answer- Low blood oxygen causing tachycardia, hypertension, peripheral, vasoconstriction, dizziness, and mental confusion. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. IDM - Answer- Infant of Diabetic Mother Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 227-241. IgE mediated allergy - Answer- Allergic reaction to food causing immediate, systemic reaction; can sometimes be severe. Wikipedia. Available online: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_allergy. Immunoglobulin - Answer- Proteins produced by plasma cells to respond to a immunogen. The 5 different types include: IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 142. Incidence - Answer- the relative frequency of occurrence of something Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Incubation period - Answer- Period between exposure to infectious pathogens and the first signs of illness. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Independent variable - Answer- Experimental (treatment) variable that is manipulated by the investigator to influence the dependent (outcome) variable. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 868. Induced lactation - Answer- The process of stimulating milk production in a woman who has not been pregnant for the current child. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Inductive reasoning - Answer- Process of reasoning from specific observations or abstractions to a general premise. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Inferior pedicle technique - Answer- Breast reduction surgical technique. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 654. Informed consent - Answer- A patient has been given full information and offered appropriate options. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informed_consent. Inframammary incision - Answer- Technique used in breast augmentation where the incision is made in the fold under the breast and the implant is placed under the breast tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 309. Insulin/humulin - Answer- Hormone that regulates carbohydrate and fats. L1, no concerns reported breastmilk. Insulin is too large a molecule to be secreted into breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 537. Internal validity - Answer- Extent to which manipulation of the independent variable makes a significant difference on the dependent variable, or the extent to which the independent variable, rather than extraneous variables, has caused the change in the dependent variables. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Intracellular - Answer- Occurring within cells. For example, viruses live within cells as part of their reproductive period. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Intrauterine - Answer- Within the uterus; in utero. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Intrauterine growth rate - Answer- Normal rate of weight gain of a fetus. It is considered by many to be the ideal growth rate for premature infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Inverted nipple - Answer- Nipple below the skin line. Umbilicated nipple can be pulled out or everted, while an invaginated nipple cannot be everted. Occurs in 3 percent of women. Involution - Answer- When breasts return to a non-lactating state. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Isoniazid - Answer- Anti-tuberculosis agent, L3. No concerns reported via milk but infant should be monitored for toxicity. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 551. IUD Intrauterine device - Answer- A birth control device inserted into the uterus. Non- hormonal types have been shown to have no effect on lactation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 725- 726. IUGR - Answer- Intrauterine Growth Restriction. An infant with slower than expected intrauterine growth. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Jaundice - Answer- The yellow discoloration of skin, caused by high bilirubin levels. Physiologic jaundice usually resolves within the first weeks of life. Breastmilk jaundice is prolonged physiologic jaundice. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 375- 376. Kernicterus - Answer- Bilirubin encephalopathy, a form of brain damage resulting from unconjugated bilirubin entering the brain. Characterized by lethargy, poor feeding, vomiting, irregular respiration, perhaps death. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 370. Key milestones 1 month - Answer- Watches faces intently, follows objects, reacts to noise. Lactoferrin - Answer- An iron binding protein that prevents gastrointestinal diseases. Found only in human milk, not bovine milk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 144. Lactogenesis - Answer- The onset of milk production. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869. Lactogenesis I - Answer- Beginning milk production; mid-pregnancy to day 2 postpartum. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 85 & 86. Lactogenesis II - Answer- Rapid increase in volume increases due to rapid drop in progesterone. Milk production switches from endocrine to autocrine control. Day 3 and 8 postpartum. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 86. Lactogenesis III - Answer- Maintenance stage of milk production. Controlled by the autocrine system (supply and demand). Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 86. Lactose - Answer- A disaccharide that is the primary carbohydrate found in human milk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 869- 870. Lactose deficiency/intolerance - Answer- Inability of the intestines to digest lactose; the principal carbohydrate in human milk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Laryngomalacia - Answer- Unusual flaccidity of laryngeal structures, a benign congenital condition that accounts for 70 percent of persistent stridor in infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Larynx - Answer- Upper end of the trachea (windpipe) through which the voice is produced. In the infant, the larynx lies close to the base of the tongue; during swallowing, it rises and is closed off by the epiglottis. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Late preterm infant (weeks of gestation) - Answer- An infant born between 34 0/7 and 37 6/7 weeks gestation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Lateral and medial pterygoid - Answer- The muscle that controls certain movements of the jaw (medial) and acts as an antagonist of other facial muscles (lateral). It works in conjunction with the masseter and temporalis muscles. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam- webster.com/medical/pterygoid+muscle. Lauric and capric acid - Answer- A crystalline fatty acid found in fats and oils, also called dodecanoic acid. Active against viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam- webster.com/medical/lauric+acid?show=0&t=1296699750 and http://www.merriam- webster.com/medical/capric%20acid. Left brained thinking - Answer- The side of the brain characterized by vision and hearing, art, pleasure, feeling, subjectivity. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function Leptin - Answer- A hormone found in breastmilk that regulates appetite, metabolism, and food intake. Not present in formula. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 146. Lesion - Answer- Area of injured or diseased skin. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Let-down reflex Milk Ejection Reflex - Answer- Oxytocin causes the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli to contract and remove milk from the breast. Stimulated by the suckling infant and causes the suckling pattern to change from non-nutritive sucking to nutritive sucking as the milk flow increases. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 296-237. Leukocytes - Answer- Living cells found in breastmilk that fight infection. Includes macrophages and lymphocytes. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. LGA - Answer- Large for Gestational Age. Having a birth weight greater than the 90th percentile on intrauterine growth charts. There is a concern for hypoglycemia. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671- 672. Liability - Answer- Professional responsibility for an occurrence or omission. Being the cause. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liability. Ligand - Answer- Small molecule that binds specifically to a larger molecule (e.g., the binding of an antigen to an antibody, or of a hormone to a receptor). Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Likert scale - Answer- Scale that primarily measures attitudes by asking respondents their degree of agreement or disagreement to a number of statements. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Lipase - Answer- Enzyme that digests the fat in breastmilk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870 & 146. Lobe - Answer- Clusters of several alveoli with their ducts. Each breast contains 15-20 of these structures. Included in each one is 10-100 alveoli. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 80. Lobule - Answer- A structure composed of branching ductules that end in alveolar clusters. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 54. Low birth weight infant - Answer- A birth weight of less than 2500 grams. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Low-dose birth control pills - Answer- A type of hormonal birth control that includes both estrogen and progestin in lower doses. May reduce milk supply but less likely than estrogen based pills. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 728. Lymphocyte - Answer- A developed leukocyte that is bactericidal. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Lyophilization - Answer- A process preformed to obtain human milk nutrients used to fortify human milk. The milk is rapidly frozen and dried in a high vacuum. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Lysozyme - Answer- Found in the whey component of breastmilk, this enzyme creates a bactericidal and anti-inflammatory response. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 146. Macrophage - Answer- Type of white blood cells, dominant type of phagocytes. They engulf and absorb pathogens, and also produce lactoferrin and lysozyme. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 141. Macrophage - Answer- Type of white blood cell that ingests foreign material. Destroys bacteria, protozoa, and tumor cells; in addition to stimulating cells in the immune system. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 870. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam- webster.com/medical/mucous%20membrane. Multiparous - Answer- Having carried two or more pregnancies to viability. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Myelination - Answer- Protective fatty sheath around nerve fibers. Long-chain polyunsaturated fats that are important to myelination are abundant in human milk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Myoepithelial cells - Answer- Contractile cells that surround the milk secreting alveoli creating the milk letdown. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Necrotizing enterocolitis - Answer- Inflammation of the intestinal tract that may cause tissue to die. Premature infants not receiving human milk are at markedly greater risk for this serious complication. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Neonatal period - Answer- Birth through the first 26 days of life. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Newborn normal heart rate (birth to one year) - Answer- 30-60 breaths per minute. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_rate. Newborn normal respiratory rate (birth to one year) - Answer- 30-60 breaths per minute. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_rate. NGO - Answer- Nongovernmental organization. Organizations that operate independently of any government. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization. Nicotine - Answer- Chemical in cigarette smoke, L2. Hale, 2010. Medications in Mother's Milk, page 745. NICU - Answer- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Noncasein protein - Answer- A protein found in the whey component of milk. Includes alphalactalbumin, serum albumin, lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, and lysozyme. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 871. Nonmaleficence - Answer- The duty to do no harm. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 31. Non-nutritive sucking - Answer- Sucking not on the breast, such as a pacifier, or sucking at the breast with brief sucks and long rest periods with minimal milk flow. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Nonparametric statistics - Answer- Statistical procedures used when required assumptions for using parametric procedures are not met, especially assumptions regarding a normal probability distribution. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Nonprotein nitrogen - Answer- Approximately 1/4 of nitrogen found in breastmilk. Contains essential amino acids for infant. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Nosocomial - Answer- Infections resulting from hospital treatment. Can be prevented by hand washing, hand sanitizer gels, disposable gloves, and disinfection of baby equipment. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosocomial_infection. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 527. Nucleotides - Answer- A compound that has a nitrogen base. Essential for energy metabolism, enzyme reactions, gastrointestinal tract development, and immune function. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 128. Nutritive sucking - Answer- Rhythmic sucking at the breast with milk flow. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Obesity affect on breastfeeding - Answer- Maternal obesity is linked to hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and a greater risk of birth interventions. Delays lactogenesis, lower milk supply and earlier weaning. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 255. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 107. Oligosaccharide - Answer- A carbohydrate consisting of monosaccharides found in breastmilk. Antibacterial properties. Promotes the growth of Lactobacillus bifidus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Operational definition - Answer- Explicit description of a concept or variable of interest in measurable terms. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Orbicularis oris - Answer- Muscle made up of several layers of fibers passing in different directions that encircles the mouth and controls most movements of the lips (as compressing, closing, or pursing movements). Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam- webster.com/medical/orbicularis+oris. Osteoporosis - Answer- A condition of bone loss. Breastfeeding for 6 months or longer is the best protection against bone loss. Although calcium is lost during breastfeeding, more calcium is deposited after weaning. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 510. Oxytocin - Answer- Hormone responsible for the milk-ejection-reflex. Causes contraction of uterus after delivery and creates a sense of calmness and relaxation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91. Paced bottle feeding - Answer- Style of bottle feeding that helps avoid overly fast flow, especially in less mature infants. This technique includes: positioning infant upright in the caregiver's arms, positioning bottle horizontally with just enough angel to keep milk in the tip of the nipple, and pacing the feeding to approximately the same time as a breastfeeding would take. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 243. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 559. Paget's disease - Answer- Type of breast cancer, 1-3% of all breast cancers. Occurs unilateral with demarcated, red, scaly plaque on the nipple and/or areola. Blood tinged discharge, pain, crusting, itching, burning, skin thickening, redness, ulceration, or nipple retraction. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 652. Palate, hard - Answer- The hard portion of the roof of the mouth. During breastfeeding the infant compresses the breast tissue against this area with his tongue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Palate, soft - Answer- The soft portion of the roof of the mouth, located between the hard palate and the throat. This area rises when the infant swallows to close the nasal passages. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Pancreas - Answer- A large gland that secretes digestive enzymes which pass through the intestine and break-down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates. It also secretes insulin. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/pancreas. Parametric statistics - Answer- Statistical procedures used when a sample is randomly selected, represents a normal distribution of the target population, and is considered sufficiently large in size, and interval level data are collected. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 872. Parenchyma - Answer- Essential and distinctive tissue of an organ as distinguished from its supportive framework. Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/parenchyma. Polycystic ovarian (ovary) syndrome - Answer- A endocrine-metabolic disorder where multiple cysts interfere with ovarian function. Common symptoms are unusual breast development, amenorrhea, male pattern hair growth, obesity. Can effect milk supply. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 523. Polymastia - Answer- Having more than 2 breasts. Additional breasts occur along the milk line and typically have little glandular tissue. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Population - Answer- Total set of individuals that meet the study criteria from which the sample is drawn and about whom findings can be generalized. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Port wine stain - Answer- Nevus flammeus. Reddish or flat pink lesion that does not blanch with pressure, caused by dilated capillaries below the epidermal skin. This lesion usually remains constant in size and does not fade with time. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 686. Post- - Answer- After, later than. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/post-. Posterior pituitary - Answer- This gland releases oxytocin into the blood effecting milk ejection. It is susceptible to stress. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 91. Power - Answer- Probability that a statistical test will reject a null hypothesis when it should be rejected, or, in other words, detect a significant difference that does not exist. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. PPD Postpartum Depression - Answer- 3 types of disorders: Postpartum blues is a temporary depression lasting a few days. Postpartum depression is a mild to moderate depression lasting at least 2 weeks. Postpartum psychosis is the most severe form, beginning at 2-4 weeks postpartum. Mothers may have insomnia, irrational ideas, feelings of failure, depression, hallucinations, and self-accusatory thoughts. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 539. Pre- - Answer- Prior to, before, earlier than. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/pre-. Prednisone - Answer- Steroid, L2. No concerns reported via breastmilk. Safe for short term use. Preeclampsia - Answer- Characterized by increased blood pressure during pregnancy, after 20 weeks gestation. Treatment often includes preterm delivery. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 610. Premature infant - Answer- Born at less 37 weeks gestation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Preterm infant (weeks of gestation) - Answer- Under 37 weeks gestation. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 671. Primary infection - Answer- First incidence of the illness after exposure to a pathogen. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Primiparous - Answer- First pregnancy. Having carried one pregnancy to viability. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Pro- - Answer- Latin word meaning "for." Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PRO. Progesterone - Answer- A hormone high during pregnancy delaying lactogenesis II. Dramatically decreases after birth. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Progestin only birth control pills - Answer- Hormonal birth control that does not contain estrogen. Called the "mini-pill." Not likely to decrease milk production. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 728. Prolactin - Answer- Hormone essential for initiating and maintaining milk production. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 88. Prolactin inhibiting factor - Answer- Stimulates dopamine releases and thus inhibits prolactin. Nipple stimulation and milk removal suppresses PIF and dopamine, causing prolactin levels to rise and the breast to produce milk. From the hypothalamus. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 90. Prolactin receptor sites - Answer- Binding sites on the walls of the lactocytes that receive prolactin. Frequent breastfeeding early in lactation creates more receptor sites resulting in increased milk production. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 89. Prone - Answer- Lying facing down. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Protein binding - Answer- Percentage of a drug bound to maternal plasma. High PB means less in breastmilk. Hale, 2010. Medications in Mother's Milk, p. 18. Proximal - Answer- Closer to the point of attachment. Opposite of distal. Wiktionary. en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proximal. Pseudoephedrine/Sudafed - Answer- Decongestant, L3. Usually compatible with breastfeeding, but can effect maternal milk supply. Hale, 2010. Medications and Mother's Milk (14th ed.), page 867. Raynaud's phenomena - Answer- Temporary vascular condition; intense pain and pallor of the skin (usually of the fingers or toes, but in breastfeeding woman the nipples), cause by vasospasm. Can include white, red and blue phases. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Reliability - Answer- Degree to which collected data are accurate, consistent, precise, and stable over time. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Reverse pressure softening - Answer- Technique to allow feeding on an engorged breast: apply steady pressure with fingers around the areola, pressing back towards chest wall. Moves edema towards lymphatic drainage system, triggers milk ejection reflex by stimulating nerves near the areola. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page241. Rickets - Answer- Abnormal calcification of the bones and changes in growth plates that lead to soft or weak bones due to lack of Vitamin D. AAP advises that full-term breastfed infants receive vitamin D supplement beginning at 2 months of age." Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Right brained thinking - Answer- The side of the brain characterized by logic, order, analysis, sequential. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function Rooting reflex - Answer- Infant turns his head towards touch and opens mouth. Appears at 28 weeks gestation and disappears around 4 months. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 698. Rotavirus - Answer- Viral illness causing severe diarrhea. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. RSV - Answer- Respiratory syncytial virus. Viral respiratory illness; can be severe in infants. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Rugae - Answer- The ridges behind the gum line on the hard palate. This structure helps the infant to maintain grasp of the breast during suckling. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 873. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Supplementing at breast - Answer- System for supplementing the baby while feeding at the breast. Reservoir holding milk with a tube attached that is secured to the breast. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 414. Switch nursing - Answer- Baby is switched back and forth between the two breasts during a feeding to help stimulate multiple letdowns and increase milk intake. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Symbiosis - Answer- Intimate association of two different kinds of organisms. An example is the breastfeeding dyad. T cells - Answer- Any of several kinds of thymic lymphoid cells or lymphocytes that help to regulate cellular immune response. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Tachycardia - Answer- Relatively rapid heart rate whether physiological (as after exercise) or pathological. Opposite of bradycardia. Merriam Webster Medical Dictionary. www.merriam-webster.com/medical/tachycardia. Tachypnea - Answer- Abnormally rapid rate of breathing. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Tanner stages - Answer- Five stages of sexual development in adolescence evaluating pubic hair, genitals and breast development Merck manuals Online Medical Library. www.merckmanuals.com/professional/sec18/ch243/ch243a.html?qt=tanner stages&alt=sh. Target population - Answer- Population that is of interest to the investigator and about which generalizations of study results are intended. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. TB Tuberculosis - Answer- Contagious bacterial infection usually involves lungs. Mothers may breastfeed after treatment is begun. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 525. TE Fistula Tracheoesophageal fistula - Answer- A fistula (passage way) between the trachea and esophagus. Oral feedings are withheld until the fistula is surgically repaired due to the risk of aspiration. Merck manuals Online Medical Library. www.merckmanuals.com/professional/sec19/ch289/ch289b.html?qt=tracheoesophageal fistula&alt=sh. Teleology - Answer- The belief that all events are directed toward some ultimate purpose. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Ten Steps - Answer- Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative uses the Ten Steps as outlined by UNICEF/WHO. Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative USA. www.babyfriendlyusa.org/eng/10steps.html. Thyroid stimulating hormone - Answer- Promotes mammary growth and lactation through a permissive rather than a regulatory role. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 90. TORCH diseases - Answer- Acronym for organisms that can damage the fetus: toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 204 & 875. Torticollis - Answer- Condition of the neck in which the cervical muscles are contracted, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Tracheomalacia - Answer- Malformation of the trachea cartilage causing collapse and wheezing sound during respiration. Mannel, et al. Core Curriculum, 2008, p. 633. Transcutaneous bilimeter - Answer- Device that estimates bilirubin concentrations in the blood by measuring the intensity of yellowish skin coloration. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 874. Transitional milk - Answer- Breastmilk produced between colostrum and mature milk, during the first 4-10 days postpartum. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Transplacental - Answer- Transferred from mother to fetus through the placenta. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Trigeminal nerve - Answer- Cranial nerve V. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 92. Type I Diabetes - Answer- High blood sugar levels due to lack of insulin prodution in he pancreas. An insulin dependent disease. Can delay lactogenesis II. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 652- 653. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 267 & 681. Type II Diabetes - Answer- High blood sugar levels due to lack of insulin production in the pancreas. A noninsulin dependent disease known as adult onset diabetes. Mannel, Martens & Walker, 2008. Core Curriculum for Lactation Consultant Practice (2nd ed.), page 681. UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund - Answer- Branch of the United Nations that advocates for children's rights. Developed the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in conjunction with the WHO. UNICEF. www.unicef.org/. Univariate - Answer- Statistics derived from the analysis of a single variable (e.g., frequencies). Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Universal precautions - Answer- Guidelines for infection control, based on the assumption that every person receiving health care carries an infection that can be transmitted by blood, body fluids, or genital secretions. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Utilitarianism - Answer- The idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its usefulness in maximizing utility and minimizing negative utility. Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism. Validity - Answer- Degree to which collected data are true and represent reality; the extent to which a measuring instrument reflects what it is intended to measure. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Variable - Answer- Attributes, properties, and/or characteristics of persons, events, or objects that are examined in a study. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875. Vasospasm - Answer- The nipple blanches sometimes turning blue or red temporarily due to vasoconstriction. Also occurs in other extremities, such as fingers and toes. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 306. Velum - Answer- The soft palate. Walker, 2009. Breastfeeding Management for the Clinician: Using the Evidence (2nd ed.), page 95. Vertical axis - Answer- The "X" axis in a graph The X-axis and Y-axis remembered. www.gradeamathhelp.com/x-axis-and-y-axis.html Vertical transmission - Answer- Transmission of infection from mother to child transplacentally or through breastmilk. Riordan & Wambach, 2010. Breastfeeding and Human Lactation (4th ed.), page 875.