Download Lecture 1 in EECS40: Introduction to Integrated Circuits and Digital Signals and more Slides Microelectronic Circuits in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Lecture 1, Slide 1EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King Lecture #1 OUTLINE • Course overview • Introduction: integrated circuits • Analog vs. digital signals Lecture 1, Slide 2EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King EECS 40: • One of five EECS core courses (with 20, 61A, 61B, and 61C) introduces “hardware” side of EECS prerequisite for EE105, EE130, EE141, EE150 • Prerequisites: Math 1B, Physics 7B Course content: • Electric circuits • Integrated-circuit devices and technology • CMOS digital integrated circuits Course Overview 2 Lecture 1, Slide 3EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King IC Technology Advancement “Moore’s Law”: # of transistors/chip doubles every 1.5-2 years – achieved through miniaturization Technology Scaling Investment Better Performance/Cost Market Growth Lecture 1, Slide 4EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King Generation: Intel386™ DX Processor Intel486™ DX Processor Pentium® Processor Pentium® II Processor 1.5µ 1.0µ 0.8µ 0.6µ 0.35µ 0.25µ Benefit of Transistor Scaling smaller chip area lower cost more functionality on a chip better system performance 5 Lecture 1, Slide 9EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King Possible digital representation for the sine wave signal: Analog representation: Digital representation: Amplitude in µV Binary number 1 000001 2 000010 3 000011 4 000100 5 000101 8 001000 16 010000 32 100000 50 110010 63 111111 Example 2 (continued) Lecture 1, Slide 10EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King Why Digital? (For example, why CDROM audio vs. vinyl recordings?) • Digital signals can be transmitted, received, amplified, and re-transmitted with no degradation. • Digital information is easily and inexpensively stored (in RAM, ROM, etc.), with arbitrary accuracy. • Complex logical functions are easily expressed as binary functions (e.g. in control applications). • Digital signals are easy to manipulate (as we shall see). 6 Lecture 1, Slide 11EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King Digital signals offer an easy way to perform logical functions, using Boolean algebra. • Variables have two possible values: “true” or “false” – usually represented by 1 and 0, respectively. All modern control systems use this approach. Example: Hot tub controller with the following algorithm Turn on the heater if the temperature is less than desired (T < Tset) and the motor is on and the key switch to activate the hot tub is closed. Suppose there is also a “test switch” which can be used to activate the heater. Digital Representations of Logical Functions Lecture 1, Slide 12EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King • Series-connected switches: A = thermostatic switch B = relay, closed if motor is on C = key switch • Test switch T used to bypass switches A, B, and C Simple Schematic Diagram of Possible Circuit 110V Heater C B A T Hot Tub Controller Example 7 Lecture 1, Slide 13EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King A B C T H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 “Truth Table” for Hot Tub Controller Lecture 1, Slide 14EECS40, Fall 2003 Prof. King Basic logical functions: AND: “dot” Example: X = A·B OR: “+ sign” Example: Y = A+B NOT: “bar over symbol” Example: Z = A Any logical expression can be constructed using these basic logical functions Additional logical functions: Inverted AND = NAND: Inverted OR = NOR: Exclusive OR: Notation for Logical Expressions )1 and when 0ly (o AB =BAn )0BA when1ly n(o BA ==+ BA BA i.e., differ)BA,when1(only BA ⋅+ ⊕ except The most frequently used logical functions are implemented as electronic building blocks called “gates” in integrated circuits
