Clinical Signs and Treatments in Veterinary Medicine, Exams of Medicine

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Clinical signs of healthy diabetic - \PU/PD, Weight loss, cataracts in dogs, plantigrade stance in cats, What are clinical signs of Vit A deficiency in turtles - \swollen palpebral edema and nasal discharge, Vit A helps with growth and repair of tissues especially around the eyes, skin and mucous membranes blood glucose for hyperglycemia vs severe DKA - \hyperglycemia >300mg/dL Severe DKA >500mg/dL Risks of laminitis (founders) - \METABOLIC DISEASE, obese, metabolic-prone breed (Morgans, ponies, miniatures, ect.), Cushing's, excess grass intake, endotoxemia, supportive limb, iatrogenic steroid induced Laminitis: _______ tendon attaches to the _____ bone on the palmer aspect causing rotation leading to "sink" - \Deep digital flexor, coffin bone Laminitis more often affects (front or back) feet - \Front Clinical signs for laminitis - \increased digital pulse, rocking back stance, recumbency positive hoof tester on toe Treatment of laminitis - \cooling feet, anti inflammatory, phenoxybenzamine (vasodilation), treat underlying cause Navicular Syndrome Risk factors Pathogenesis Clinical signs Nerve block Treatment - \RF: breed (paints, quarter horses), small feet Path: any pain off from navicular bone or ligaments, osteophytes on the navicular bone pressure on DDF tendon CS: usually front bilateral, switching lameness, positive hoof tester on heel, NB: palmar digital Tx: wedge or heel pad, hoof care, anti-inflammatory, poss. bisphosphonate inj for osteoclast Tendonitis/Desmitis Most common tendons affected Pathogenesis - \suspensory ligament (proximal), DDF tendon, SDF tendon Path: acute trauma or chronic weakening Degenerative Suspensory Ligament Desmitis - \not athletic overuse, progressive failure of collagen fiber in suspensory ligament apparatus, significant fetlock drop, positive to flexion, bilateral or all legs Anaplasma Marginale (Rickettsia) - \Vector: tick Clinical signs: Anemia, icterus, Fever, late gestation abortions, inclusions on blood smear, No hemoglobinuria TX: tetracycline Prog: better in younger, 20% mortality in adults Disease in which organ system can cause photosensitivity - \liver disease What is the treatment of choice for feather cyst (ingrown feathers) - \surgical removal including the feather follicle Dictyocaulus vivparous - \Lungworm, direct live cycle, late summer/ fall CS: cough, self-limiting Dx: Baerman sedimentation Tx: ivermectin, albendazole, fenbendazole, levamisole (no ABx or thiabendazole) Moroccan leather (cobblestone abomasum) is pathognomonic for which organism - \ostertagia ostertagi (Type II) Ostertagia ostertagi - \#1 GI parasite in cattle control O. Ostertagi and you control other parasites CS: GI, diarrhea, or none Dx: egg count "Moroccan leather" (cobblestone abomasum) - path gnomic Tx: Ivermectin What is the estrus length of a goat - \21 days What is the minimum egg count you should plan to deworm the calves to promote weight gain - \300eggs per grams of feces Motor oil can cause what toxicity - \lead poisoning (blindness and dullness) Air bronchograms are a sign of what - \uniform lung consolidation (AKA alveolar pattern) enamel hypoplasia is a sign of what previous disease - \distemper virus Heartworm treatment for cats? Dogs? - \Cats - short doe corticosteroids and monthly heartworm prevention Dogs- doxycycline and melarsomine Anal pruritus in horse is commonly cause by what organism - \oxyuris equi (pin worm) Contagious ecthyma - \AKA: orf, soremouth zoonotic affects mouths of young and teats of mothers, virus remains in scabs that fall off what are some treatments for anaphylactic reactions? What should you not give? - \yes: O2, Epi, Steroid, antihistamines, IV fluids, No: Diazepam What is a positive scooch test (withers test) a sign of? - \TRP (traumatic reticuloperitonitis) aka hardware disease Damage to the basisphenoid bone is likely to cause damage to which cranial nerves - \VII (facial), VIII (vestibulocochlear) How is FIV spread? - \saliva mainly bites Epizootic bovine abortion - \AKA foothill abortion , sign of the fetus include: enlarged lymph nodes and spleen, destructive lesion of the thymus, evidence of chronic granulomatous infection Clinical signs of E. Coli O157:H7 - \asymptomatic which is concerning given the zoonotic nature Humans: hemorrhagic colitis Treatment for jimsonweed (which contains scopolamine) poisoning - \physostigmine, laxatives, diazepam, activated charcoal What medication is toxic to tortoises and turtles but not other reptiles - \ivermectin what is the most common congenital defect in cattle - \ventricular septal defect At what age will a cow precent with a ventricular septal defect - \2-3 months Clinical signs of ventricular septal defects (cattle) - \failure to thrive, pulmonary edema (decreased/ muffled lung sounds), murmur on the left by the pulmonic valve (forward) What infectious agents can ascend the repro tract to cause abortion or metritis in pigs - \E. coli, strep, staph, actinomyces, pseudomonas What is the renal threshold for glucose - \dogs - 180 mg/dL Cats -200-280 What does a taurine deficiency in carts cause - \retinal degeneration and dilated cardiomyopathy necrotic enteritis (clostridium perfringens) in chickens - \CS: inappetence, ruffled feather, dark diarrhea middle Necropsy: distal small intestine thickened and contain dark necrotic material, intestinal mucosa has a diphtheritic membrane Tx: Abx in water What test should be used to diagnosis lungworms - \baermann fecal What should be given to cows to induce abortion before 4 months - \PGF2-alpha (it lyse the corpus luteum which is the main contributor of progesterone) What kind of diet is used for calcium oxalate stones? any other stone? - \Calcium oxalate diets are alkalizing any other stone requires acidifying diets What is a tensilon response test used for? - \myasthenia gravis What anesthetic drug can increase appetite in cats - \diazepam (or any other benzo) What agent causes diamond skin lesion on pigs - \Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae What is the underlying lesion of bluetongue - \vasculitis Why does cisplatin make cats go splat - \pulmonary edema All seed diets lack what vitamin - \vit A What is the vector for vesicular stomatitis - \sand flies and black flies What medication should be given to Doberman pinchers preoperative if there is a delayed BMBT - \Cryoprecipitate or Desmopression acetate because it released von Willebrand factors papillomas on the teats for milking goats tend to turn into what poor prog lesions - \SCC What is a common sequela to surgical excision of an insulinoma - \Diabetes mellitus Which of these drugs frequently causes splenic dilation and hemoglobin concentration - \acepromazine What is the treatment for type II osteragia osteragii - \ivermectin what diagnostic can differentiate listeriosis vs Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis (TEME) - \CSF tap listeria - mononuclear pleocytosis TEME - neutrophilic pleocytosis what kind of lesions does cornyebacterium pseudotuberculosis cause in small ruminants? - \usually causes external lesion but commonly causes internal abscesses as well antitoxin - only if the animal is not appropriately vaccinated flexion of the hock with concurrent extension of the stifle is a sign of what - \peroneus tertius rupture what is the other names for orf - \contagious ecthyma and soremouth, (parapox virus) What are the diagnostics of choice for Sarcoptes - \superficial skin scraping (mites live in the stratum corneum), pinnal pedal reflex and clinical signs What is the diagnostic of choice for WNV in horses - \Serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) ELISA What substance is responsible for the wrinkled appearance of Shar-peis - \mucin What do the S1 and S2 heart sounds represent? - \S1: Ventricular contraction and AV valves closing S2: semilunar valves closing (dub) Serum IgG levels should be at what leave by 24hrs - \400mg/dl What are the diagnostic tests for dermatophytosis - \woods lamp, DTM culture, What test for FIP has rthe highest positive predictive value (PPV) negative predictive value (NPV) - \PPV - Immunofluorescence staining for coronavirus in macrophages in effusion fluid NPV - Rivalta's test What is the causative agent of woody tongue - \actinobacillus What organism will cause head shaking and rubbing of the ear in horses - \psoroptes What is the most common cause of dyspnea in cats with lymphoma - \intrathoracic mass what is the most common location of slab fractures in horses? Chip fractures? - \Slab - 3rd carpal chip fracture - radial carpal or radius What antibiotic cannot be used in guinea pigs? - \any -cillins or -mycins