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Download Include relevant keywords, Keep it concise, Use headings to structure your document. and more Study Guides, Projects, Research English Language in PDF only on Docsity! Centre of Foreign Languages Page 1 Unit 1 HOUSING IN BRITAIN In the past few years housing in Britain has been a problem with many aspects. One is the supply of houses. Due to the expanding population, to the low rate of building new houses and to the age of many existing houses, there have not been enough houses to go around. Not only have many people been homeless but also many others have been living in overcrowded buildings of a low standard. Though the government and charities such as Shelter have been trying hard to remedy this situation, there are still immense problems, particularly around the centers of the large cities. There are three basic forms of accommodation. In the first place, some own their own houses or flats, often the money for this is borrowed from the building society on a "mortgage" and is paid back over twenty or thirty years. Secondly, many people live in council flats or houses, these are owned by the local council and rented out. Council housing has aroused controversial political issues about whether council tenants should pay the full rent or should be subsidized and whether they should have the opportunity to buy their houses if they like. Thirdly, some people rent accommodation from private landlords, either furnished or unfurnished. A complicated set of laws and regulations defines the right of landlords and tenants, governing, for instance, when landlords can force tenants to leave and how much rent they can charge. A further problem since about 1970 has been the tremendous rise in the price of housing. In the London area the value of houses doubled in about two years, although prices have levelled off, they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels. People who already own houses have not been too badly affected, since the rise in the value of the house they are selling to some extent cancels out the rise in the price of a house they wish to move to. However, it has made house-buying extremely difficult for those who are buying a house for the first time such as young married couples. (Source: V.J.COOK, English Topics, Oxford University Press, 1974) VOCABULARY commission (n) : nhiệm vụ aspect (n) : mặt, khía cạnh expanding population (n) : dân số gia tăng rate (n) : tốc độ, mức existing (adj) : hiện có, đang tồn tại Centre of Foreign Languages Page 2 go around/round (v) : cung cấp cho mọi người arouse (v) : khơi gợi, làm xuất hiện controversial (adj) : có khả năng gây ra tranh luận, bàn cãi define (v) : nói rõ, định rõ political issue : vấn đề chính trị rent (n) : tiền thuê nhà, giá thuê nhà rent (v) : thuê furnished (adj) : có đồ đạc unfurnished (adj) : không có đồ đạc govern (v) : cai quản level ( ~ off/out) (v) : đứng lại, chững lại cancel (~ out) (v) : làm cân bằng với charity (n) : tổ chức từ thiện tenant (n) : người thuê subsidize (v) : trợ cấp a complicated set of laws : một bộ luật phức tạp affect (v) : làm ảnh hưởng remedy (v) : khắc phục immense (adj) : mênh mông, to lớn mortgage (n) : sự thế chấp regulation (n) : qui tắc, qui định COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. What has happened to housing in the past few years in Britain? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Have there been enough houses to go around? Why? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. Where have people lived? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 4. What have the government and charities been trying to do? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 5. How many basic forms of accommodation are there? …………………………………………………………………………………… In the past few years in Britain, housing has been a problem with many aspects. Due to the expanding population, the low rate of building new houses, and the age existing houses, there have not been enough houses to go around. This has resulted in many people being homeless and others living in overcrowded building of low standard. There are three basic forms of accommodation: owning one's own house or flat, living in council flats or houses, and renting accommodation from private landlords. The government and charities such as Shelter have been trying hard to remedy the housing situation, particularly around the centers of large cities. There are three basic forms of accommodation: owning one's own house or flat, living in council flats or houses, and renting accommodation from private landlords. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 5 5. Many people have been living in ………………. buildings of a low standard. (OVERCROWD) 6. There are three basic forms of ……………………. . (ACCOMMODATE) 7. Due to the ………………… population, there have not been enough houses to go around. (EXPAND) 8. Council housing has aroused controversial …….................. issues. (POLITICS) 9. There are still immense housing problems, ……………….... around the centers of the large cities. (PARTICULAR) 10. A factory has the ….…………….. to store materials. (CAPABLE) Exercise 4: Use the following sets of words and phrases below to write complete sentences. 1. Due / age / many / existing house/, there / be / not / enough houses / go around / two years. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. 2. Some people / own / house / or / flat/, often / money / this / be / borrow / building society. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. 3. past few years/ housing / Britain / be / problem / many aspect. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. 4. Other people / rent accommodation / private landlord/, either furnished / unfurnished. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. 5. Although / prices / level off/ several years/, they / unlikely / return / earlier levels. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. 6. Many people / live / council flat/ or / house/, these / owned / by / local council. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. OVERCROWDED ACCOMMODATION EXPANDING POLITICAL PARTICULARLY CAPACITY Due to the age of many existing houses, there have not been enough houses to go around for two years. In the pass few years, housing in Britain has been a problem with many aspects Other people rent accommodation from private landlords, either furnished or unfurnished Although prices have levelled off in serveral years, they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels. Some people who own houses or flats, often the money for this is borrowed from the building society Many people live in council flats or houses, these are owned by the local council . Centre of Foreign Languages Page 6 7. further problem / since / about 1970 / be / tremendous rise / the / price / housing. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. 8. People / have / live / overcrowded building / low standard / 10 / year / ago. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. 9. There / many / form / accommodation / Britain / nowadays. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. 10. The university / serve / place / for / educate / 800 / student / a year. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. …………………………………………………………………………….………….. Exercise 5: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. The local council should subsidize tenants to buy houses. Tenants …………………………………………..………………………………….. 2. Young married couples find it difficult to buy houses because of the rise in the price of housing. The rise in the price of housing…..…………………………………………….…… 3. The prices of houses have levelled off, but they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels. Although ……………………………………………………………………….….. 4. People will pay back the money for houses over years. The money …………………………………………………………………….….…. 5. There are three basic forms of accommodation in Britain. Britain …………………………………………………………………………….… 6. A complicated set of laws and regulations defines the right of landlords and tenants. The right of …………………………………………………………………………. 7. Due to the low rate of building new houses, there have not been enough houses to go around. Because the ………………………………………………………………………… A further problem since about 1970 has been the tremendous rise in the price of housing. There are many forms of accommodation in Britain nowadays. Many people have been living in overcrowded buildings of a low standard The university serves as a place for educating 800 students a year should be subsidized by the local council to buy houses. has made it difficult for young married couples to buy house rate of building new houses has been low, there has been a shortage of houses. has three basic forms of accommodation. landlords and tenants is defined by a complicated set of laws and regulations. for houses will be paid back over years. the prices of houses have leveled off, they are unlikely to return to their earlier levels. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 7 Exercise 6: Look at this table and complete the examples. Building type Purpose of building Examples of activities Spaces provided University educating 200 students per year giving lectures a. ………………………… storing and reading books lecture room laboratory b ………………… House accommodating a family of 5 persons preparing and cooking food c. ………………………… d. ………………………… e. ………………... dining room bedroom Hospital treating 150 patients per day f. ………………………… examining patients g. ………………………… treatment room h. ……………….. dispensary Factory making 400 precast concrete panels per week storing materials i. …………………………. casting concrete panels j. ………………… mixing space k. ………………... Exercise 7: Make sentences using the information from the table above. Structures: • To function as • To serve as • To have the capacity to do smth • To be capable of doing smth Example: - A university functions / serves as a place for educating students. - The university has the capacity to educate / is capable of educating 200 students a year. - Spaces provided in the building include a lecture room, laboratories and a library. …………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………... …………………………………………………………………………………………... Centre of Foreign Languages Page 10 incorporate (v) : kết hợp stage, period (n) : giai đoạn contractor (n) : nhà thầu, bên thi công contract (n) : hợp đồng, giao kèo. assist (v) = help (v) : hỗ trợ, giúp đỡ draw up (v) : soạn thảo, phác thảo bid for (v) : bỏ thầu tender(n) : hồ sơ thầu inspect (v) / inspection (n) : kiểm tra, giám sát periodic (adj) : chu kỳ, định kỳ specify (v) : chỉ rõ, chỉ định occupy (v) : sử dụng, ở complete (v) /completion (n) : hoàn thành, xong defect (n) : sai sót, nhược điểm defect liability period (n) : giai đoạn bảo hành possess (v) - possession (n) : sở hữu fabric (n) : công trình xây dựng, kết cấu COMPREHENSION CHECK A. Now find a word or an expression in the passage which means: a. to be given the job of designing a building ……………………………………………………………………………………….. b. to offer to a client for his consideration ……………………………………………………………………………………….. c. to combine into a whole ……………………………………………………………………………………….. d. to offer to do some work at a certain price ……………………………………………………………………………………….. e. to look at the building work in detail at regular intervals ……………………………………………………………………………………….. f. named or described exactly. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 11 g. an interval of time after the building has been finished during which the contractor is responsible for correcting any faults in it. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. h. to have complete ownership of the building ……………………………………………………………………………….………. B. Answer the following questions: 1. What does an architect do to have the final design for a building? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. Who are invited to bid for the job of constructing the building? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Who helps the client to choose the best contractor? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 4. What does the architect do when the construction proceeds? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 5. What is the client’s task during the building period? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 6. What does the contractor do during the “defect liability period”? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 7. How long does the “defect liability period” last? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 8. When does the client take full possession of the building? ……………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………….. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 12 SKILLS DEVELOPMENT Exercise 1: Complete this flow diagram. Use the information from the text. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 15 Exercise 5: a. Study these plans of a two-storey house. b. Say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false statements. T/F a. The dining room is located under the main bedroom. b. A hall is located in the centre of the first floor. c. There are three adjacent bathrooms on the first floor. d. There is a toilet between the kitchen and the dining room. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 16 e. Bedroom 2 is situated over the family room. f. There is a cupboard under the stairs. g. Bedrooms occupy most of the ground floor. h. Viewed from the front, the dining room is on the left of the entrance. i. Viewed from the rear, the living room is behind the family room. j. Entering the house from the garage, you pass through the living room to enter the family room. k. The entrance is situated at the bottom of the stairs. l. The kitchen and family room are located on either side of the toilet. m. A door in the garage leads to the kitchen. Exercise 6: Read the following work activities and decide which are of Client / Architect / Contractor. 1._______ Make sure the building is being built according to schedule and budget. 2._______ Ensure that the building is completed on time and within budget. 3._______ Select & appoint a competent contractor. 4._______ Comply with legal requirements, building and safety codes, and other regulations. 5._______ Schedule and coordinate all construction processes so that the building meets design specifications. 6._______ Be the financier and eventual owner of the building 7._______ Provide the Pre-Construction Information (PCI) to the designers and contractors. 8._______ Create building designs and highly detailed drawings both by hand and by using specialist Computer-Aided Design (CAD) applications. 9._______ Choose the materials to be used and specify the requirements for the building. 10. _______ Report work progress and budget matters to the client. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 17 FURTHER READING PARTICIPANTS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY The construction industry is composed of at least five participants: the clients, the designers, the contractors, the construction material suppliers, and the government of all levels, central as well as local. Economic and institutional environment also affects the industry in many ways. Demand for building space arises from those who want to use it, and they are clients. The efficiency of the building construction enhances when the clients specify their needs in detail prior to preparation of specific design. The designers are basically either architects or engineers who design to the needs of the building owners and often act as construction manager on the owner’s behalf. They define the overall structure and form of the building, and the design team prepares the drawings and the specifications which determine the construction costs. The contractors are directly responsible for assembling and erecting the building. They organize and manage construction labor, both skilled and semi-skilled. Material suppliers are either producers of construction materials or wholesalers/ retailers who sell them to the builders or consumers directly. Government, whether local or central, is both a major user of construction resources and the primary determinant of the extent for private demand and the environment in which the industry operates. The economic and institutional setting also affects the design and construction process either positively or negatively through the restriction it imposes upon the industry. VOCABULARY participant (n) : các bên tham gia, người tham gia be composed of : bao gồm process (n) : quá trình, công đoạn supplier (n) : nhà thầu cung ứng, cung cấp. institutional environment (n) : tình trạng thể chế enhance (v) : tăng, tăng cường, nâng cao prior to something (v) : trước khi on one’s behalf : đại diện cho specification (n) : chi tiết kĩ thuật define (v) : làm rõ, xác định assemble (v) : lắp Centre of Foreign Languages Page 20 VOCABULARY tropical (adj) : nhiệt đới climate (n) : khí hậu region (n) : vùng regional (adj) : theo vùng, thuộc vùng regional planning : quy hoạch vùng zone (n) : vùng divide (v) : chia, phân chia belt (n) : vành đai equator (n) : xích đạo extend (v) : mở rộng seasonal (adj) : theo mùa season (n) : mùa vary (v) : thay đổi, biến đổi, khác nhau variation (n) : sự thay đổi, sự biến đổi, sự khác nhau excessive (adj) : quá mức, thừa exceed (v) : vượt quá excessively (adv) : một cách quá mức adequate (adj) : đủ ventilation (n) : sự thông gió open layout : sự bố trí không gian thoáng, mở benefit (n) : lợi ích penetrate (v) : thấm qua penetration (n) : sự thấm qua latitude (n) : vĩ độ reduce (v) : làm giảm intensity (n) : cường độ considerable (adj) : đáng kể amount (n) : lượng, tổng số, khối lượng permit (v) : cho phép compact layout (n) : sự bố trí dày đặc, chen chúc, sơ đồ khép kí surface (n) : bề mặt composite (adj) : hỗn hợp monsoon (n) : gió mùa interior (n) : bên trong Centre of Foreign Languages Page 21 COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. How many major climatic zones are there in the tropical regions? What are they? ………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………... 2. Where are Warm-humid climates, Hot-dry climates and Composite or monsoon climates found? ………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………... 3. What are the characteristics of Warm-humid climates? ………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………... 4. What are the characteristics of Hot-dry climates? ………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………... 5. What are the characteristics of Composite or monsoon climates? ………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………... 6. What are the design requirements for houses in these climates? ………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………... 7. What are the architectural solutions to houses in these climates? ………………………………………………………………………………………... ………………………………………………………………………………………... SKILLS DEVELOPMENT Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences. 1. The air temperature is never ……………… A. excessive B. excessively C. excess D. exceed 2. Usually houses have an open layout so they can gain ……….…… benefit from the prevailing wind A. maximal B. maximum C. minimum D. little 3. Consequently, houses ……………. to be suitable for one season may be unsuitable for the other. A. designing B. design C. designed D. are designed 4. Walls should be very thick and made of heat …..…………. materials A. storing B. store C. stored D. to store Centre of Foreign Languages Page 22 5. In this climate the rooms of houses must have ………….…. shade and ventilation. A. inadequate B. adequate C. much D. many 6. However, at night the clear skies permit a …………… amount of heat to be reradiated to outer space. A. considering B. considerable C. consider D. considered 7. They are used primarily for screening …………… insects and for their wind penetration qualities. A. to B. in C. from D. of 8. There is very little seasonal variation …………… the year. A. throughout B. on C. in D. of 9. Two marked seasons …………..: a hot and a slightly cooler period. A. will occur B. will be occurred C. occurred D. occur 10. The tropical regions of the earth can ………….. into three major climatic zones. A. divide B. be divided C. divider D. dividing Exercise 2: Complete the sentence by forming a suitable new word form the provided word in bracket. 1. . …………….. humidity (RH) is excessively high. (RELATION) 2. Hot-dry climates are found in two belts of latitude between ……………………….. 15° and 30° north and south of the equator. (APPROXIMATE) 3. Day-time air temperatures are …………………... hot. (EXCEED) 4. Usually they have compact layouts so that surfaces exposed to the sun are reduced as much as ……………………… . (POSSIBILITY) 5. Composite or monsoon climates are found in large land masses near the ………………of Cancer and Capricorn. (TROPICAL) 6. During the day there is too little cloud cover to reduce the high ……………….. of direct solar radiation. (INTENSIVE) 7. At night the clear skies permit a …………............. amount of heat to be reradiated to outer space. (CONSIDER) 8. RH should not exceed 70% for human ……………..… . (COMFORTABLE) 9. Approximately two-thirds of the year is hot-dry and the other third is warm- ………………… . (HUMIDITY) 10. RH may ………………..… from 55% to almost 100%. (VARIATION) Centre of Foreign Languages Page 25 Buildings are designed so they are capable of performing the design requirements. The most important design requirements include the following: A. Weather resistance keep out wind, dust and precipitation B. Privacy provide visual screening C. Surfaces provide surfaces for activities D. Security keep out intruders E. Fire resistance prevent fire from spreading F. Structure ` resist loads G. Ventilation provide fresh air H. Thermal insulation modify the passage of heat I. Sound insulation control sound transmission J. Moisture control the passage of moisture K. Light provide natural and artificial light Now complete this table: Element Main functions External envelope Lowest floor C, H, etc… External wall Roof Internal division Suspended floor Partitions Suspended ceiling Exercise 6: Use the table to write as many sentences as possible using "include", "act as'; "is designed to” ,”enable” like the following examples: • The functions of the lowest floor include providing surfaces for activities and modifying the passage of heat. • The external wall acts as a thermal insulator. • The roof and the external walls are designed to resist loads. • The partition enables the building to provide visual screening. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 26 ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………….. ………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………… Exercise 7: Complete this passage using these words. hottest, coolest, cool enough, warm enough, excessively, much lighter, inadequately, adequately In composite climates, houses designed to perform (1)…………………… for one season will perform (2)………………..…… for the other. To solve this problem houses are sometimes built two storeys high. The ground floor is built with (3)………………….. thick walls. They retain the heat so that it is (4)….……………. to sleep comfortably on the ground floor during the (5)……………….. part of the year. The first floor structure is built with (6)………………….. materials. This structure cools quickly at night so that it is (7)………………….. to sleep comfortably on the first floor during the (8) ……………….. part of the year. FURTHER READING Read this passage quickly to find the answers to these questions: What causes glare in: a. hot-dry regions? b. warm-humid regions? One of the problems in hot climates is to exclude not only radiant heat but also glare, while at the same time admitting sufficient daylight. There is a fundamental difference between the problem in the arid and humid regions. In the arid regions, glare is caused by sunlight being reflected from the surface of the ground and light colored walls of other buildings. A traditional way of overcoming this problem is by keeping windows on the external elevations small and few in number, with the larger, low level windows overlooking the shaded internal courtyard. Too sharp a contrast between a bright opening and the surrounding inside wall surface results in glare. For this reason, when small windows are used on the external walls, they must be designed with care. One traditional method of overcoming this problem is to use vertical slit windows which are usually located in the corners of rooms. Another method is to Centre of Foreign Languages Page 27 locate the windows between the ceiling and eye level, or alternatively filters can be used in the form of lattices, screens or shutters. High humidity and typically overcast conditions in the warm-humid regions result in a high proportion of the radiation being diffused so that the sky is the main source of glare. Because large openings are needed for cross ventilation, low overhanging eaves or wide verandahs are used to obstruct the view of most of the sky. In traditional houses thin external walls of coarsely woven mats, which in some cases can be rolled up, allow full advantage to be taken of every breeze. VOCABULARY radiant heat : bức xạ nhiệt glare (n) : sự chói nắng, chói mắt fundamental (adj) : cơ bản arid region : vùng khô reflect (v) : phản xạ, phản chiếu shaded (adj) : có bóng râm contrast (n) : sự tương phản eye level : tầm mắt, độ cao ngang mắt filter (n) : cửa lọc shutter (n) : cửa chớp diffuse (v) : khuếch tán COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. What is one of the problems in hot climates? 2. What causes glare in the arid regions? 3. What is the traditional way of overcoming this problem? 4. What also results in glare? 5. What are the advantages of thin external walls of coarsely woven mats in traditional houses? Centre of Foreign Languages Page 30 2. How are building materials used? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 3. What are building component made from? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 4. What is the form of a component related to? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 5. How many forms of building components are there? What are they? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… 6. How many types of construction are there? What are they? …………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… SKILLS DEVELOPMENT Exercise 1: a. Read the text again and complete this table by putting ticks in the boxes to show the functions of the components: Function of components Form of material Structural support only Space dividing only Both structural support and space dividing Blocks Sheets Rods b. Now say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false ones. 1. Rod materials can be used for both dividing space and supporting the building. 2. Concrete can be used as a block material, a sheet material and a rod material. 3. Steel is used for frame construction because it has high tensile strength and low compressive strength. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 31 4. The sheet materials, which act as space dividers in a frame construction building, can be very light because they do not support structural loads. 5. Mass construction buildings are light whereas planar construction buildings are heavy. c. Now complete the sentences using the following structures: 1. Walls made up of blocks are used to…………………………………………. 2. Sheet materials used in planar construction function………………………… 3. Rod materials used in frame construction are not used for……………………. Exercise 2: a. Look at the following drawings and examples. A man can bend a rubber tile but not a concrete tile. Rubber is flexible but concrete is rigid. Wood can burn but concrete cannot burn. Wood is combustible but concrete is non- combustible. Water vapour can pass through stone but not through bitumen. Stone is permeable but bitumen is impermeable. You can see through glass but not through wood. Glass is transparent but wood is opaque. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 32 Stainless steel can resist corrosion but mild steel cannot. Stainless steel is corrosion resistant but mild steel is not corrosion resistant. Heat can be easily transferred through copper but not through wood. Copper is a good conductor of heat but wood is a poor conductor of heat. Rubber can be stretched or compressed and will then return to its original shape but clay cannot. Rubber is elastic but clay is plastic. Bitumen can be dented or scratched easily but glass cannot. Bitumen is soft but glass is hard. VOCABULARY flexible (adj) : dễ uốn combustible (adj) : bắt lửa non-combustible (adj) : không bắt lửa water-vapour (n) : hơi nước permeable (adj) : thấm nước impermeable (adj) : không thấm nước transparent (adj) : trong suốt opaque (adj) : mờ đục stainless steel (n) : thép không gỉ corrosion resistant (adj) : chống ăn mòn mild steel (n) : thép thường transfer (v) : truyền, dẫn a good conductor of heat : chất dẫn nhiệt tốt a poor conductor of heat : chất dẫn nhiệt kém Centre of Foreign Languages Page 35 4. Sheet materials are used to form walls, ………….…. act as both space dividers and structural support. A. whom B. which C. who D. whose 5. In the first way they are used to ………………… the loads on a building. A. support B. divide C. supporting D. dividing 6. Rod materials with high tensile and compressive strength can be fixed together to form framed ……………… . A. structural B. structure C. structuring D. structures 7. The buildings made of sheet materials are ……………..and faster to construct than buildings made up of blocks. A. heavy B. light C. lighter D. heavier 8. Block and ……………… materials can be used for building components which have the function of supporting structures and dividing spaces. A. rod B. sheet C. light D. hard 9. Building components are made from building materials and the form of a component is related to the way ………………. which it is used. A. by B. to C. in D. by 10. In the second way they are used as ………………… in a building. A. space-dividers B. dividing-space C. space-dividing D. divider-spaces Exercise 4: Complete the sentence by forming a suitable new word form the provided word in bracket. 1. Rod materials can be used for ……………….…support. (STRUCTURE) 2. These materials are heavy, however, they can support the structural loads because they have the property of high compressive…………………. . (STRONG) 3. Building materials are used in two ………………. ways. (BASE) 4. We can see how this works by considering …………………… types of construction. (DIFFER) 5. Sheet materials are used to form walls, which act as both space ………………. and structural support. (DIVIDE) 6. These buildings are lighter and faster to………..………. than buildings made up of blocks. (CONSTRUCTION) 7. Timber, concrete and some plastics can be made into large rigid sheets and …………….....together to form a building. (FIX) Centre of Foreign Languages Page 36 8. Rod materials with high tensile and……..………… strength. (COMPRESS) 9. Building components are made from building materials and the form of a component is……………….. to the way in which it is used. (RELATION) 10. Sand is also used as a part of the concrete…………..… . (MIX) Exercise 5: Use the following sets of words and phrases below to write complete sentences. 1. Building material / used/ two basic /way. …..…………………………………………………………………….……………… ………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 2. Building component/ make/ from /building material. …..…………………………………………………………………….……………… ………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 3. first way /building material/ used / support / load/ building. …..…………………………………………………………………….……………… ………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 4. second way /building material/ used / divide/space / building. …..…………………………………………………………………….……………… ………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 5. External wall/act/as/ thermal insulator. …..…………………………………………………………………….……………… ………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 6. one kind /construction,/ blocks / material/put/ together /form /solid /wall. …..…………………………………………………………………….……………… ………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 7. sheet materials /used / form /wall/ act / space divider/ structural support. …..…………………………………………………………………….……………… ………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 8. Rod material/can /use/ structural support /not /divide/ space. …..…………………………………………………………………….……………… ………………………………………………………………………….…………….. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 37 9. These materials/ have / property / high compressive strength. …..…………………………………………………………………….……………… ………………………………………………………………………….…………….. 10. Imperious material/ be able/ keep out/ water. …..…………………………………………………………………….……………… ………………………………………………………………………….…………….. Exercise 6: Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as the sentence printed before it. 1. Building materials are used in two basic ways. They use………………………………………………………………………..……… 2. They frequently use light materials for making roofs. Light materials……………………………………………………………..………….. 3. These materials can support the structural loads because they have the property of high compressive strength. The property …………………………………………………………….…………….. 4. The ceramic tiles on the floor cannot be scratched easily by people walking on them. This means that ceramic tiles………………………………………………………… 5. Rod materials can be used for supporting structural load but not for dividing spaces. Rod materials can be used to……………………………………………………….. 6. Workers can’t lift the stone block because it is heavy. The stone block……………………………………………………………………… 7. Sand is used with cement, and sometimes lime to make plaster. Plaster………………………………………………………………………………. 8. They have spent 2 months manufacturing and transporting building materials. It……………………………………………………………………………………… 9. They discussed the effect of material choice. Then they evaluated the process of construction in the meeting. After …………………………………………………………………..……………… 10. The design, construction deficiencies resulted in the degradation of building materials. The building materials.………………………………………………………………. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 40 Unit 5 WATER SUPPLY A water supply for a town usually includes a storage reservoir at the source of the supply, a pipeline from the storage reservoir to the distribution reservoir near the town, and finally the distribution pipes buried in the streets, taking the water to the houses, shops, factories, and offices. The main equipment is thus the two reservoirs and the pipeline between them. The function of the storage reservoir is to keep enough water over one or several years to provide for all high demands in dry periods, and the distribution reservoir has the same function for the day or the week. The storage reservoir by its existence allows the supply sources to be smaller and less expensive, and the distribution reservoir similarly allows the pipeline and pumps to be smaller and cheaper than they would be if it did not exist. In the United States, some of whose cities have the largest water use in the world per person, the average use per person varies from 200 to 5,000 litres per day, averaging some 500 litres/day/person. But it must not be assumed that colder countries will eventually reach the same level of use, because much of the highest US demand comes from the water spent in summer on air conditioning equipment and the watering of gardens. Water engineers must therefore study the water use per person (consumption per head) in their own country and choose a figure based on the most advanced community there. The chosen consumption per head must be multiplied by the estimated population at the date for which the supply is being planned, some thirty years ahead or more. The supply and the storage equipment must be designed to be large enough for this period since neither of them is so easily extended as the distribution system. This can be extended as the need arises and as the houses are built. ( Sourse: JOHN. S. COTT, Civil Engineering, Longman, 1975) VOCABULARY air conditioning equipment : thiết bị điều hoà advanced community : cộng đồng tiên tiến arise (v) : phát sinh, nảy sinh assume (v) : giả sử, cho rằng assumption (n) : giả thuyết Centre of Foreign Languages Page 41 average use (n) : mức sử dụng trung bình bury (v) : chôn consume (v) : tiêu thụ consumption (n) : sự thiêu thụ consumer (n) : sự tiêu thụ demand (n) : nhu cầu distribution reservoir (n) : bể phân phối distribution pipe (n) : ống phân phối distribution system (n) : hệ thống phân phối extend (v) : mở rộng, kéo dài existence (n) : sự tồn tại estimated population (n) : dân số ước tính figure (n) : số liệu, con số multiply (v) : nhân provide (v) : cung cấp pipeline (n) : đường ống storage reservoir (n) : bể chứa / bể dự trữ supply pipe (n) : ống cấp supply source (n) : nguồn cấp vary (v) : dao động, thay đổi water supply (n) : nguồn cấp nước COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. What does a water supply for a town usually consist of? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. 2. What is the function of the storage reservoir? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. 3. Does the distribution reservoir have the same function as the storage reservoir? Why? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 42 4. What is the pipe that carries clean water to factories, hospitals and offices called? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. 5. Is the water used in cold countries less than in the hot ones? why? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. 6. Why do water engineers have to study water consumption per head? .................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................. SKILLS DEVELOPMENT Exercise 1: Use the following words to label the drawing of the Water Supply System: corporation stop, shutoff valve, curb box, raw water, water tower, service pipe, water meter, curb cock, water main, reservoir, potable water. Centre of Foreign Languages Page 45 Exercise 5: Use the following sets of words and phrases to write complete sentences. 1. distribution reservoir / have / same / function / keep / enough water / day / week. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 2. function / storage reservoir / be / keep / enough water / several / year . ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 3. distribution system / can / extended / as / need / arise / as / houses / be built. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 4. United States, / some / whose / cities / have / largest / water use / world / per person. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 5. supply / storage equipment / must / designed / be / large enough / this period. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 6. Much/ highest / US demand / come / water /spend / summer /air conditioning equipment. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 7. water engineers / spend / two / months / design / distribution system / this residential area / last year. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 8. report / shortage / water / some residential areas / have / be / submit / the director / water engineer. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 9. After water engineer / study / water use / person, he / have / multiply / it / estimated population. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... 10. It / important / save / water resource / natural mineral. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... Centre of Foreign Languages Page 46 11. Water engineers / have / study / water use / person / year / before / plan / water supply / residential area. ....................................................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................................................... Exercise 6: Rewrite each of these sentences in such a way that it has the same meaning as the given one. 1. A construction site is an area. The building is built in this area. A construction ............................................................................................................. 2. The water engineer handed in his record. His record was about the water consumption in ten years. The water engineer ...................................................................................................... 3. Water engineers have to study water use per person per year. They base on this water use per person to make plan of water supply. Water engineers............................................................................................................ 4. A storage reservoir is a very large tank or an artificial place. This storage reservoir stores water for future use. A storage reservoir ...................................................................................................... 5. It's necessary to save water resources and natural minerals. Saving........................................................................................................................... 6. Water engineers have to study water use per person per year before planning the water supply for a residential area. Water use...................................................................................................................... 7. The water engineer has just handed his report on the shortage of water in some residential areas to the director. The director ................................................................................................................. 8. The supply pipe to that 8-story building was repaired for 5 days. It ................................................................................................................................ 9. "Have you checked the drain in the kitchen yet?" The foreman plumber asked his man. The foreman plumber asked his man.......................................................................... 10. Waste water can be treated for watering trees. We ................................................................................................................................ 11. "How many ways of purifying water are there?" He asked the water engineer. He asked ...................................................................................................................... Centre of Foreign Languages Page 47 FURTHER READING THE ROLE OF THE ENGINEER Practicing wastewater engineers are involved in the conception, planning, evaluation, design, construction, and operation of the systems that are needed to meet wastewater management objectives. The major elements of wastewater systems and the associated engineering tasks are identified in Table 1. Knowledge of the methods used for the determination of wastewater flow rates and characteristics is essential to an understanding of all aspects of wastewater engineering. The subjects of source control, collection, and transmission and pumping. Must also be studied by the engineer if truly integrated wastewater systems are to be designed. The primary focus is on two elements listed in Table 1: treatment, and disposal and reuse. These areas of wastewater engineering, like the others, have been and continue to be in a dynamic period of development. Old ideas are being reevaluated, and new concepts are being formulated. To play an active role in the development of this field, the engineer must know the fundamentals on which it is based. Table1. Major elements of wastewater management systems and associated engineering tasks. Element Engineering task Wastewater generation Estimation of the quantities of wastewater; evaluation of techniques for the reduction of wastewater, and determination of wastewater characteristics. Source control (pretreatment) Design of systems to provide partial treatment of wastewater before it is discharged to collection systems (principally involves industrial dischargers). Collection system Design of sewers used to remove wastewater from the various sources of wastewater generation. Transmission and pumping Design of large sewers (often called trunk and interceptor sewers), pumping stations, and force mains for transporting wastewater to treatment facilities or to other locations for processing.