INDIRECT SPEECH ( REPORTED SPEECH / NARRATION ), Summaries of English

Download INDIRECT SPEECH ( REPORTED SPEECH / NARRATION ) and more Summaries English in PDF only on Docsity! Vividhlaxi Vidyamandir, Palanpur INDIRECT SPEECH  In grammar, direct conversation between two persons is called Direct Speech and when a conversation of two persons is narrated as a third person or like the third person, is called Indirect Speech.  Let’s know the part of Direct Speech sentence: Example: The teacher said to Heena, “He is an engineer”  The teacher is a SPEAKER  Said to is REPORTED VERB  Heena is a LISTENER  The sentence “He is an engineer.” is REPORTED SPEECH  If we want to transform any sentence from Direct Speech to Indirect Speech, we should keep in mind three main changes: (a) Changes of Tenses (b) Changes of Pronoun (c) Changes of words  Changes of Tenses:  If the reporting speech is in present tense or future tense, then no change is required to be made in the verb of reported speech. This verb could be in any tense i.e. present, past, or future. For example:  Direct Speech: He says, “She is ill.” Indirect Speech: He says that she is ill.  Direct Speech: She says, “She danced gracefully.” Indirect Speech: She says that she danced gracefully.  Direct Speech: Hirva says, “I shall visit Ahmedabad.” Indirect Speech: Hirva says that she will visit Ahmedabad.  If the reporting verb is in past tense, then reported verb will be changed as per the following criterion:  Simple Present tense is changed into Simple past tense. For example:  Direct Speech: They said, “They take exercise every day. Indirect Speech: They said that they took exercise every day.  Present continuous is changed into past continuous tense.  Direct Speech: They said, “They are taking exercise every day.” Indirect Speech: They said that they were taking exercise every day.  Present perfect is changed into the past perfect tense.  Direct Speech: They said, “They have taken exercise.” Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken exercise.  Present perfect continuous tense is changed into past perfect continuous tense.  Direct Speech: They said, “They have been taking exercise since morning.” Indirect Speech: They said that they had been taking exercise since morning.  Simple Past is changed into past perfect tense.  Direct Speech: They said, “They took exercise.” Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken exercise.  Past continuous tense is changed into past perfect continuous tense.  Direct Speech: They said, “They were taking exercise.”  Indirect Speech: They said that they had been taking exercise.  No changes are required to be made into past perfect and past perfect continuous tenses.  Direct Speech: They said, “They had taken exercise.” Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken exercise.  Direct Speech: We said, “They had been doing their exercises.” Indirect Speech: We said that they had been doing their exercises.  In Future Tense, while no changes are made except shall and will are changed into would.  Direct Speech: They said, “They will take exercise.” Indirect Speech: They said that they would take exercise.  Modal Auxiliaries like ‘can’ is changed into ‘could’ and ‘may’ is changed into ‘might’  Direct Speech: He said, “He can make a paper boat.” Indirect Speech: He said that he could make a paper boat.  Direct Speech: She said, “He may buy that flat.” Indirect Speech: She said that he might buy that flat.  Changes of Pronoun:  1st Person pronouns in reported speech are always changed according to the subject or speaker of the reporting speech.  2nd Person pronouns in reported speech are always changed according to the object or listener of the reporting speech.  3rd Person pronouns in reported speech are not changed. Examples:  Direct Speech: She said to me, “Are you injured?” Indirect Speech: She asked me if I was injured.  Direct Speech: I said to her, “When do you do your homework?” Indirect Speech: I asked her when she did her homework.  Direct Speech: Hemant said to her, “Will you go to the Akashwani Radio Station?” Indirect Speech: Hemant asked her if she would go to Akashwani Radio Station. Exclamatory Sentences  Those sentences, which express our feelings and emotions, are called exclamatory sentences. Mark of exclamation is used at the end of an exclamatory sentence.  This type of sentences generally start with what, how or interjections. For example:  Hurray! We have won the match.  Alas! He failed in the test.  How beautiful that dog is!  What a marvelous personality you are!  To change exclamatory sentences into indirect speech, follow the following rules:  In case, there is an interjection, i.e., alas, aha, hurray, etc. in the reported speech, then they are omitted along with sign of exclamation.  Reporting verb, i.e., said is always replaced with exclaimed with joy, exclaimed with sorrow, exclaimed joyfully, exclaimed sorrowfully or exclaimed with great wonder or sorrow.  In case, there is what or how at the beginning of the reported speech, then they are replaced with very or very great. And omit the word like what or how  Use ‘that’ as a connective.  In an indirect sentence, the exclamatory sentence becomes an assertive sentence. Examples:  Direct Speech: Krupal said to Megha, “Hurray! We won the match yesterday.” Indirect Speech: Krupal exclaimed Megha that they had won the match the previous day.  Direct Speech: Sheela said, “Alas! My brother failed in the test.” Indirect Speech: Sheela exclaimed with great sorrow that her brother had failed in the test.  Direct Speech: We said, “What a beautiful house this is!” Indirect Speech: We exclaimed that that house was very beautiful.  Direct Speech: You said to him, “What a beautiful drama you have written! Indirect Speech: You exclaimed to him in great wonder that he had written a beautiful drama. Optative Sentences:  The sentences which express hope, prayer, or wish, are called optative sentences.  Usually, there is a mark of exclamation at the end of optative sentence. For example:  May you succeed in the test!  May you get well soon!  Would that I were rich!  To change optative sentences into indirect speech, follow the following rules:  In case, the reported speech starts with the word may, then the reporting verb said is replaced with the word prayed or blessed.  In case, the reported speech starts with the word would, then the reporting verb said is replaced with the word wished.  May is changed in might.  Mark of exclamation is omitted.  In indirect speech, the optative sentences become assertive sentences. Examples  Direct Speech: He said to me, “May you live long!” Indirect Speech: He prayed me that I might live long.  Direct Speech: She said, “Would that I were rich!” Indirect Speech: She wished she had been rich.  Direct Speech: I said to my papa, “Good morning.” Indirect Speech: I wished my papa good morning. Proposal Or Suggestion:  Some sentences start with kind of proposal or suggestion and they start with ‘Let’ or ‘Let’s’.  When sentence starts with let’s, use proposed or suggested as Reported Verb and use that as a connective.  If a sentence starts with let and it’s request then use requested as Reported Verb and use to as a connective.  If the sentence is proposal then use ‘should’ in an indirect sentence. And omit Let’s. Example:  Direct Speech: The students said to the principal, “Let’s celebrate the teacher’s day.” Indirect Speech: The students proposed/suggested the principal that they should celebrate the teacher’s day.  Direct Speech: A girl said to her manager, “Let me allow to go home early, sir.” Indirect Speech: A girl requested her manager to let her allow to go home early. EXERCISE: 1 Change into indirect speech. 1. Ayush said, “I am trying to find a new job.” 2. Meera said, “I wrote a letter.” 3. The girl said, “I want something to eat.” 4. The teacher said, “Stop writing.” 5. The man said, “I have to go and inquire the matter.” 6. The girl said to me, “I have been practicing the violin for six months.” 7. Mother said, “I have finished my household.” 8. She said to him, “What are you doing now?” 9. He said to me, “Are you happy here?” 10. The father said to his son, “I was paying your fee yesterday when you called me.” 11. He said to us, “Let’s go for a long drive.” 12. I said to my sister, “Don’t touch my dictionary without my permission.” EXERCISE: 2 Turn the following sentences into Indirect Speech. 1. She asked him, “What do you want from me?” 2. He asked me, “Are you coming with us? 3. A businessman said to him, “When do you intend to make the payment?” 4. The little girl said, “Which way should I go?” 5. A boy said to his papa, “Can I solve this puzzle?” 6. The teacher said, "The Earth revolves around the sun." 7. I said to my friends, "let us go to a picnic for a change". 8. Priya said to me, "Don't go to school tomorrow." 9. Nisha said to Swati, "Will you help me in my project just now?" 10. Ram said to Rohan, "Don't run so fast." 11. Rohan said, "Where shall I be this time next month." 12. I said to him, “Would you bring me a cup of coffee, please?” 13. My mother said to my brother, “Please help me carry this” 14. The police inspector said to us, “Let no one leave this place, please.” 15. They said to us, “Let’s go for an evening walk now.” ::BETTER EVERYDAY::