Civil Disobedience, Environmental Activism, and Terrorism: A Comparative Study - Prof. Car, Study notes of Criminal Justice

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Weisheit & Morn Study Guide Weisheit & Morn Chapter 12: Four approaches to advancing justice; 1. educating the public 2. civil disobedience 3. civil procedures 4. guerilla tactics Educating the Public (conditions which must be met; Rachel Carlson’s Silent Spring);  the problem must be one with which the public can relate, an issue that touches their daily lives  the educator must have an effective medium for reaching the public  the public must believe the problem is one for which there is a solution  Silent Spring: started a revolution in the way we think about the environment, credited with starting the modern environmental movement Civil Disobedience (Gandhi – his life biography; several points which made Gandhi’s approach work);  Born in 1869  Arranged marriage at 13  Went to England to study Law  Back from England in 1891  Failed as a lawyer  Went to South Africa as a translator  Thrown from a South African train for sitting in white 1st class car  1915 – Left South Africa  Wrote a book condemning Great Britain  1939 – Refused an invitation to lead the civil rights movement in the United States  1915-1919 toured India visiting the poor  1919 Launched campaign against British law oppressing the Indians – led to massacre  1930 Salt March against British Salt Tax  1949 assassinated  Gandhi first developed his method of nonviolent resistance or civil disobedience, a method he called satyagraha  he began a weekly newspaper devoted to airing the concerns of Indians in South Africa  Being jailed showed his followers his dedication to their cause, gave him a chance to rest and to plan further actions, and allowed him time to write.  Success of Civil Disobedience o India's freedom o Civil Rights Movement (modern day: MLK jr.) o Current Activist Issues  refusal to follow the law (on purpose, and openly)  always willing to pay for his disobedience by going to jail  willing to suffer beatings without returning violence  faith and approach gave him great patience  appreciated every available medium to spread ideas Civil procedures (torts vs. criminal cases);  only the state may prosecute a crime, whereas any party who has been injured may bring a lawsuit for tort  Under criminal law, crime is a public offence. Under civil law, the offence is a private matter.  The criminal law punishes the guilty whereas the civil law repairs the damage done to the victim.  Under criminal law, the state brings the wrong to the attention of the court. In civil law, the individual brings the wrong to the attention of the court.  The sentence or fine is paid to the court in a criminal case. In a civil case, the individual receives the fine or damage award.  The standard of proof is higher in criminal cases than in civil cases.  Someone accused of doing harm in cvil court has fewer constitutional protections than does someone accused and facing justice in criminal court.  Criminal justice is civil justice Guerilla tactics (Saul Alinsky & key elements of his work)  Saul Alinsky: Philharmonic example o people always act out of self-interest o a desire for change must come from the local community itself o tactics centered around the idea of power o ethical standards of right and wrong must change to fit the times o Alinsky used humour as a weapon o for unconventional tacts to work they had to be unanticipated o organised communities with specific objectives in mind  Guerilla tactics: unconventional and radical Weisheit & Morn Chapter 13: Amnesty International (1960) membership & purpose;  more than 1 million members in more than 160 countries, 7,500 local chapters throughout the world as well as national-level sections in 56 countries, home office is in London that staffs more than 350 people.  works to end torture, detention without charges, and human rights abuses by armed opposition groups, freedom of speech, preparation and presentation of information on  Italian Republican extremist, advocate of federalism and mutualism, promoted violence, he felt that violence was necessary to publicise and inform about situations What group first used his ideas?  Narodnaya Volya or People's Will, group of Russian constitutionalists What was this groups fate? Who was the Irish Brotherhood (IRB)?  an offshoot of the Fenian brotherhood who had fled the failure of successive potato crops, radical nationalists, "revolution sooner or never" What group spawned from the IRB?  Clan na Gael (United Irishmen) Who was their leader?  Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa, and Patrick Ford joined later and became co-leader Did they believe in killing innocent people?  no, but they did it anyway  they would attack inanimate objects that commemorate a certain event or symbolise something important to people Black hand  made up of Serbian military officers, example of state-sponsored terrorism[active and often encouragement and support provided by a foreign government to a terrorist group], 1911 What was their primary goal?  pro-Serbian/anti-Austrian  made up of Serbian officers  state-sponsored terrorism  creation of a Greater Serbia, by use of violence, if necessary What famous thing did they do?  Archduke's assassination, though Bosnians planned to do so [responsible for doing so] 1930 shift of terrorism  now used less to refer to revolutionary movements and violence directed against governments and their leaders and more to describe the practices of mass repression employed by totalitarian states and their dictatorial leaders against their own citizens. What was the major shift of terrorism?  from foreign groups attacking, to states attacking themselves  political, social, and economic upheaval death squads  more about fiscal, social, and political affairs Who were the new leaders of terrorism?  Stalin Russia communist party After WWII how did terrorism shift forms again?  "freedom fighters"  revolutionary violent revolts, nationalist/anti-colonist Where do the term freedom fighters come from?  when sympathy and support for the rebels extended, creating a need for less judgmental and more politically neutral language to describe the revolutionaries and the violence they committed  struggle for national liberation and self-determination How did the term terrorism change during the 1970/1980’s?  stretched to include revolutionary nationalist and ethnic separatist groups  no longer included colonial and neocolonial groups, but instead it was entirely ideologically [a system of ideas and ideals, esp. one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy] motivated  draw attention to themselves and their respective causes by attracting sympathy and support 1990s – narco-terrorism & the grey area phenomena  gray area phenomena: threats to the stability of nation states by non-state actors and non- governmental processes and organisations; regions where control has shifted from legitimate governments to new half-political, half criminal powers  government is working with terrorist groups to bring about change  Narco-terrorism: use of drug trafficking to advance the objectives of certain governments and terrorist organisations 9/11  changes the meaning of terrorism again because it was so unique,  citizens from 80 different countries dead,  changed the identity of terrorism,  fighting terrorism became much different,  Axis of Evil: anyone who strikes terror is a terrorist, became a crusade of things we are afraid of as a country,  the war in Iraq was initiated because of the new definition of terrorism Why is terrorism so difficult to define?  it changes with history, people have their different opinions on who is a terrorist  one person's terrorist is another person's freedom fighter Why do terrorists today not call themselves terrorists  they see themselves as reluctant warriors driven by desperation  save term to apply to their enemies and opponents Pejorative [expressing contempt and disapproval] term  negative and derogatory  politically and socially degrading to be labelled as a terrorist  particular groups are demonised if they are a terrorist What did the UN try to do regarding terrorism?  defined terrorism, then realised they were going to have a difficult time doing  they determine that government cannot be involved with it  if the government is involved in terrorism, it is considered an act of war. What were the third world delegates 2 arguments?  terrorism should be defined by the nature of the act, not by the perpetrators  asked why they were the terrorists because they were the ones being oppressed  they said: it doesn't matter who's doing the act, it matters what the act is What do the different state depts. Of the US define terrorism? *page 31*  FBI: the unlawful use of force or violence against person or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives  Homeland Security (DHS): any activity that involves an act that: is dangerous to human life or potentially destructive or critical infrastructure or key resources; and . . . must alos appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping Magic bullet  "no single superior solution that can be applied to all cases" Suicide Terrorism Core characteristics of Suicide Terrorism What are some of the advantages of suicide terrorism?  rational, calculated, effective, efficient, lethally efficient, inexpensive, easy to execute How does it differ from all other terror attacks? (The ultimate smart bomb)  make last minute changes, flexible in timing and access, smart bomb can think for itself and calculate the best time to kill the largest amount of people How many more people do suicide terrorists kill then regular terror attacks?  26 times the amount of casualties How do the core characteristics of suicide terrorism displayed during the 9/11 attacks? (know all 6 different ways)  operation success: success determined by hijackers willing to martyr themselves  psychological impact  no escape plan necessary  media coverage The tamil tigers and suicide terrorism What does LTTE stand for? Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam When did it emerge? And why? What was the the LTTE signature before suicide bombings?  assassinations/political killings, followed by bombing Who is Prabhakaran? What is his story?  born in 1954, son of a tax commissioner, grandson of a postman  he insisted on keeping his numbers small, maintaining a high standard of training, and enforcing discipline at all levels. What event in 1983 sparked the LTTE to gain more recruits?  ethnic riots in Sri Lanka What new thing did Prabhakaran require for everyone to carry?  glass capsule full of potassium cyanide around their neck, so if captured they could kill themselves, also makes them easy to identify as part of the tamil tigers What were the two themes of the LTTE in the 1980’s  extreme sacrifices would have to be made to secure future of independent Tamil nation  determination and invincibility What was the first suicide attack done and what did it do to the moral of the country?  widespread shock and horror, Tamil high school taken over by Sri Lankans [Captain Miller].  country was outraged Palestinian use of suicide terrorism What were some of the problems facing Hamas when they first came to the scene?  carves out a distinctive niche in an overcrowding field of competing militant groups What incident sparked the birth of Hamas?  tragic incident in Gaza Strip What is Hamas’s primary goal? How do they attend to achieve that goal?  liberation of Palestine and the establishment of an Islamic state by the means of a Jihad (holy war) What was Hamas’s main way of spreading the word?  propaganda, leaflets How many attacks did Hamas carry out in its first year?  10 attacks in first year, killed 8 people When did Hamas gain a military wing?  systematic execution of Palestinian collaborators in Gaza Strip What was the miscalculation by Israel resulted in Hamas gaining more support?  gained support/media attention  ties to Hezbollah  learn suicide attacks  round up leadership and kill them, younger people move up, thus group becomes more violent What organization did Hamas become friends with during the exile?  Hezbollah When did Hamas carry out its first suicide attack?  6 April 1994 What was Israel’s response to the suicide attacks?  their withdrawal from south Lebanon Inverted sense of normality What are suicide bombers used to offset?  economic material shortcomings What ways do terrorist’s organizations use to recruit suicide bombers?  veneration of martyrs [videos]  respect and money given to family  made it seem virtuous and honourable  not irrational or desperate What do the suicide bombers do before going on their missions?  make a video **MAKE A TABLE OF THE DIFFERENT TERRORIST GROUPS :) Jewish terrorism  similar to Islamic terrorism