infancy physical development- chapter 5, Study notes of Nursing

Download infancy physical development- chapter 5 and more Study notes Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Childhood & Adolescence: Voyages in Development Chapter Five: Infancy: Physical Development Notes: • What Are the Sequences of Physical Development? ➢ Cephalocaudal Development o Upper part of the head to the lower parts of the body ➢ Proximodistal Development o Trunk outward – from body’s central axis toward periphery ➢ Differentiation o Tendency of behavior to become more specific and distinct • What Patterns of Growth Occur in Infancy? ➢ Weight doubles at about 5 months; triples by first birthday ➢ Height increase by 50% in first year ➢ Growth appears continuous but actually occurs in spurts ➢ Infants grow 4 to 6 inches in second year; and gain 4 to 7 pounds o Boys reach half their adult height at 2-years; girls at 18-months • Failure to Thrive ➢ Growth impairment during infancy and early childhood ➢ Causes may be organic or non-organic o Biologically based or non-biologically based ➢ Linked to physical, cognitive, behavioral, and emotional problems ➢ Deficiencies in caregiver-child interaction may play a role o Reactive attachment disorder ➢ Marasmus o Condition related to FTT; diet low in essential nutrition ➢ Treatment requires both nutritional and adjustment support ➢ Canalization – catch up growth once FTT is resolved • What Are the Nutritional Needs of Infants? ➢ Overall nutritional status of U.S. children is good compared with most other countries o Federal programs assist low-income families ➢ 44% of U.S. children live below the federal poverty level o Include majority of African American children, Latin American children, and American Indian children. ➢ Infants require breast milk or iron fortified formula o Recommendation that infants be fed breast milk through first year ➢ Solid foods may be introduced about 4 to 6 months o Iron-enriched cereal, strained fruits, vegetables, and meats • Breastfeeding vs. Bottle Feeding ➢ Move from breast feeding to formula was influenced by o Women entering the workforce o View of bottle feeding as scientific o Women’s movement ➢ Choice to breast feed is influenced by: o Domestic and occupational arrangements o Attitudes regarding benefits for bonding and infant health o Fear of pain, unease with breast feeding, and public breast feeding o Community and familial support o Level of education ➢ Colostrum early form of breast milk o High level of nutrients into low volume • Advantages of Breast Milk ➢ Advantages of breast feeding for the mother o Reduces risk of early breast and ovarian cancer o Builds strength of bones o Lessens weight retention after delivery o Helps response to stress ➢ Babies prefer human milk to formula ➢ It is well-suited to baby’s nutritional needs ➢ It provides life-long health benefits to the baby • Disadvantages of Breast Milk ➢ Disadvantages of breast milk o HIV, alcohol, drugs, and environmental hazards may be transmitted through breast milk o Mother must be adequately nourished o Physical demands on mother ➢ What about mothers who smoke? o No harmful effects on infants have been noted • What Are Neurons? ➢ Basic unit of nervous system o Receive and transmit messages ➢ Neurons vary according to function and location, but all contain o Cell Body: contains a nucleus o Dendrites: branchlike structures; receive incoming signals from other neurons (referred to as the head of the cell) o Experimentation to achieve milestones o Slight effect in training to accelerate motor skills ➢ Reaction range o Limits for the expression of inherited traits • Development of Visual Acuity and Peripheral Vision ➢ Neonates are nearsighted o Greatest gains in visual acuity between birth and 6 months o By about 3 to 5 years of age, approximate adult levels ➢ Neonates have poor peripheral vision o Perceive stimuli within 30-degree angle o By 7 weeks increases to 45 degrees o By 6 months of age, equal to adult (90 degrees) • Visual Preferences ➢ Neonates look at stripes longer than at blobs o By 8 to 12 weeks, prefer curved lines over straight ➢ Infants prefer faces o Discriminate maternal and stranger faces o Prefer attractive faces o Pay most attention to edges ➢ Attention is captured by movement and sharp contrasts in brightness and shape • Development of Depth Perception ➢ Depth Perception o Develops around 6 to 8 months (onset of crawling) ➢ Research using the Visual Cliff o Gibson and Walk (1960) o Heart-rate response to determine fear o Relationship between crawling and fear of heights ❖ Avoidance of the cliff and infants’ posture • Development of Perceptual Constancies ➢ Perceptual constancy – perception of object remains stable although sensations may differ under various conditions ➢ Size constancy – perception of object’s size remains stable although retinal size may differ o Bower (1974) ➢ Shape constancy – perception of object’s shape remains stable although shape on retina may change • Development of Hearing ➢ Neonates can orient toward direction of a sound o 18-month-olds locate sounds as well as adults ➢ Infants exposed to moderate noise levels as background habituate to it and are less likely to waken due to noise ➢ By 1 month, infants perceive differences between similar speech sounds ➢ By 3½ months they can discriminate caregivers’ voices ➢ Infants perceive most speech sounds present in world languages o By 10 to 12 months, lose capacity to discriminate sounds not found in native language • Development of Coordination of the Senses: If I See It, Can I Touch It? ➢ Infants recognize that objects experienced by one sense are the same as those experienced by another o Looked longer at novel items than those previously handled • ? Do Children Play an Active or a Passive Role in Perceptual Development ➢ Newborns perceive in mechanical or passive manner ➢ Over time perception becomes more active o Intentional actions o Systematic search o Selective attention o Ignore irrelevant information