Understanding Inflammation & Healing: Phases, Effects, & Types, Study notes of Pathophysiology

Download Understanding Inflammation & Healing: Phases, Effects, & Types and more Study notes Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Inflammation and Healing BIO 375 Pathophysiology Review of Normal Defenses Review of Normal Capillary Exchange 2 Inflammation  Inflammation is a biochemical and cellular process that occurs in vascularized tissues  Most of the essential components of the inflammatory process are found in the circulation and most of the early mediators of inflammation affect the vascular bed so as to increase the movement of plasma and blood cells from the blood into the tissues surrounding the injury.  These substances escaping from the circulation are called exudate and they defend the host against infection and facilitate tissue repair and healing  Inflammation and repair can be divided into several phases  The characteristics of the early inflammatory response differ from those of the later response  The different biochemical mediators and cells function together to:  Destroy injurious agents and remove them from the inflammatory site  Wall off and confine these agents so as to limit their effects on the host  Stimulate and enhance the immune response  Promote healing 5 Local Effects-exudate formation  Exudate refers to the interstitial fluid formed in the affected area.  Characteristics of exudate vary with cause of trauma:  Serous  Fibrinous  Purulent  Abscess  Bloody  Granuloma Inflammation-Systemic Effects  General manifestations:  Malaise  Fatigue  Headache  Anorexia  Fever 6 Fever- Pyrogens Course of the Inflammatory Response  If the cause of the inflammatory response is brief (touching hot object), the response often subsides in about 48 hours.  If the cause of the inflammatory response persists, the inflammatory response continues until the causative agent is removed.  The amount of tissue destruction (necrosis) depends on the specific cause of the trauma and contributing factors.  Potential complications include:  Ulcers with possible perforation  Skeletal muscle spasms  Chronic inflammation may develop following an acute episode when the cause is not completely eradicated, or may develop insidiously due to chronic irritation, specific bacteria or long term immune responses. 7 Chronic Inflammation  Characteristics include:  Less swelling but more lymphocytes, macrophages and fibrocytes than acute inflammation  More collagen is produced in the area resulting in more scar tissue.  Granulomas may develop as an area is walled off by fibrous tissue as in tuberculosis  Frequently, more tissue destruction occurs in chronic inflammation Course of Inflammation and Healing Drugs used to treat Inflammation 10 Complications of Healing by Scar Formation  Loss of function which results from loss of normal cells and lack of specialized structures of normal tissue, e.g. skin  Contracture is due to the fact that scar tissue is nonelastic and tends to shrink over time. This can restrict the movement of a joint and may eventually lead to fixation and deformity of the joint  Shortening of the scar tissue may also cause shortening or narrowing of structures, particularly tubes and ducts, e.g. hiatal hernia and difficultly in swallowing due to stenosis  Adhesions are bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separate, e.g. intestinal or pleural adhesion 11  Hypertrophic scar tissue is an excess of fibrous tissue which can shrink and distort and also includes keloid formation  Ulceration may occur due to impaired blood supply around the scar. This causes additional tissue breakdown and formation of ulcers, e.g. after stomach surgery  Plantar Keloid Earlobe Keloid  Burns  Burns are classified by the percentage of the body surface damaged and the depth of the skin damage.  Partial thickness involves the epidermis and part of the underlying dermis  Full thickness burns destroy all skin layers and require skin grafts for healing  Following severe burns, shock frequently occurs due to fluid and protein loss PARTIAL THICKNESS — SUPERFICIAL (1) THICKNESS — DEEP @) ru THICKNESS (2) Sebacoous gland Partial thickness Burn Full thickness bum peter by suc Poster ty sutace 12