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Presidential Powers: Examining Orders, Agreements, and Privilege, Study notes of Decision Making

Constitutional Law and TheoryPresidential Powers and AuthoritiesInternational RelationsComparative Politics

The informal or implied powers of the President, focusing on executive orders, executive agreements, and executive privilege. Executive orders are presidential directives that become law without congressional approval, affecting both government agencies and citizens. Executive agreements are pacts made by the president with foreign governments, allowing for foreign policy actions without Senate approval. Executive privilege is a claim asserted by the president to withhold documents and information from other branches of government. historical context and examples of each power.

What you will learn

  • Can you provide an example of a significant executive order and its impact?
  • What are executive agreements and how do they differ from treaties?
  • What are executive orders and how do they differ from laws passed by Congress?
  • What is executive privilege and how has it been used in the past?
  • Can you provide an example of a notable executive agreement and its implications?

Typology: Study notes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/12/2022

maya090
maya090 🇺🇸

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Download Presidential Powers: Examining Orders, Agreements, and Privilege and more Study notes Decision Making in PDF only on Docsity! Informal Powers of the President     Executive Orders     The  section of  the  Constitution that  allots to the  president “executive  power”  is one  of  the  least specific but potentially  most important in the document.  When  paired with the provision  requiring  presidents to take care that  laws  are  faithfully  executed, the  executive power  clause provides for a range of  implied powers whose extent and potency have grown beyond  anything the framers could have foreseen.     An offshoot of the implied powers doctrine is the executive order. This critical instrument of  active  presidential power  is nowhere  defined in the  Constitution but generally  is construed as  a  presidential directive that  becomes law without prior  congressional approval.  It  is based  either  on existing  statutes or on the president's other constitutional responsibilities.     Executive orders usually pertain specifically  to  government  agencies and officials, but  their  effects  often reach to  the average citizen. For example, in 1965  Lyndon  B.  Johnson issued  Executive Order 11246 which required companies that  win federal government contracts to  create  programs for  hiring  more  minorities, significantly  affecting  private sector  employment  practices.      For the most  part, presidents  issue executive orders to  establish executive branch  agencies,  to  modify  bureaucratic  rules  or actions, to change decision­making procedures, or to give  substance and force to statutes.    Executive Agreements     An executive agreement  is  a pact  other than a treaty  made  by  the president  with  a foreign  government. Presidents have  asserted  that  their  constitutional powers give  them  authority  to make these pacts without Senate  approval.     For presidents, the executive agreement is a particularly powerful foreign policy  tool because it  allows them  to act without seeking  congressional backing.  The chief  limitation on executive  agreements is that, unlike  treaties, they  do not  supersede  any  U.S. laws with which they  might conflict.     The executive agreement  power was used as early  as 1803, when Thomas Jefferson arranged  for the Louisiana Purchase  without congressional approval. Throughout the nineteenth century  presidents  made little  use  of  the  power, concluding  on average  only  one  executive  agreement  per  year. The  use  of  such agreements grew dramatically  in the twentieth century.  Between 1945 and  1996 only  6 percent of  all international agreements  entered into by  the  United States  were  treaties.     Executive  agreements are  now used to conduct business  once reserved  for treaties.  For  example, trade agreements, the annexation of territory, military  commitments, and arms control  pacts have  all been  concluded through executive agreements.     Executive privilege    Executive  privilege  is a  claim asserted  by  the  president of  the  United States  and other  members of  the executive branch to justify  withholding  of  documents and information from  other branches of government. As presidents since George Washington  and Thomas Jefferson  have argued, the separation of powers  embodied in the United States Constitution implies that  each branch  will be permitted to operate within limits free to some degree from the control or  supervision of the other.     The  concept of  executive privilege  is  a  legally  murky  one,  since  the  Constitution does not  mention it anywhere. The history  of  the doctrine underscores  that point, since Presidents have  generally sidestepped open confrontations with Congress and the  courts over  this issue  by  first asserting  the privilege, then producing some of the documents requested on a voluntary  basis. Jefferson set the precedent for this in the trial of  Aaron  Burr  for treason in 1807. Burr  asked the  court to issue a subpoena duces tecum to compel Jefferson  to  provide his private  letters concerning  Burr. Chief Justice John Marshall, a strong  proponent of the powers of the  federal  government but also a political opponent of Jefferson, ruled that the Sixth Amendment  to the Constitution,  which allows for these sorts of  court orders  for  criminal  defendants, did  not provide  any  exception for  the  president. As for Jefferson's  claim that disclosure of the  document  would imperil public  safety, Marshall held that  the court, not the president,  would  be the judge  of that. Jefferson complied with Marshall's  order,  but claimed he  was doing  so  voluntarily.      President William Clinton  did the  same  when  agreeing to testify  before the  grand jury  called by  Independent Counsel Kenneth Starr only  after negotiating  the terms under which he  would appear.     The Supreme Court addressed the executive privilege in United States v. Nixon, the 1974 case  involving the demand by  Watergate special prosecutor  Leon  Jaworski that Richard Nixon  produce the audiotapes of conversations in the Oval Office  of the White  House in connection  with criminal charges being brought against members  of the Nixon Administration. Nixon  invoked the privilege  and refused to produce any records. The Supreme Court did not reject  that claim out of  hand; it noted, in  fact, "the valid need for protection of communications  between high  Government officials and those who advise and assist them in the performance  of  their manifold  duties." As the Court  stated, "human  experience teaches that  those who  expect public dissemination of their remarks may  well temper candor with  a concern for  appearances and for  their  own interests to the  detriment of  the  decision­making  process."  This is very  similar  to the logic that the Court had used in establishing  an  "executive  immunity" defense for high  office­holders charged with violating citizens' constitutional rights in  Part  II: ​Think critically and respond to  the  following  questions​:       4. Is it possible that these informal powers are more important and useful than the formal  powers in Article 2, particularly to modern presidents? SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER                      5. Do these powers hurt the concept of Constitutional checks and balances?  SUPPORT YOUR  ANSWER                      6.  How might the President’s use of these informal powers work against him in public opinion?                          7.  Get onto the internet and an example (relatively) recent Presidential usage of implied  powers.  A suggestion is to search “President Obama Executive Order.”  Describe the  presidential action AND analyze what YOU THINK about the President's decision to take action without Congressional approval.
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