Information and Technology, Science, Society and Technology, Assignments of Mathematics

Download Information and Technology, Science, Society and Technology and more Assignments Mathematics in PDF only on Docsity! 3. Lesson 1 – Introduction to Science, Technology and Society This lesson intends to introduce Science, Technology, and Society (STS) as a field of study. Further, this traces the historical roots of STS as an academic field following the description of Science and Technology and discussion of the same. The significance to study STS in an age of scientific progress and technological development was brought about by the existence of ethical dilemmas as enumerated herein and discussed. Science-refers to a system and accurate activity of pattern and plan of knowledge about how the universe act through observation, experimentation or both. According to the famous American science historian, John Heilbron (2003, p. vii), Modern Science is a discovery as well as invention. He also explained that Science required invention to devise techniques, abstractions, apparatuses, and organizations to describe this natural regularities and their law-like descriptions. Technology-application of theoretical knowledge of industry and the industrial arts to produce services, materials, tools and machines aimed at solving real-world problems. It comes from the Greek root word techne, meaning art, skill or cunning of hand. As what Mark Zuckerberg, CEO of Facebook, explained in December 2014 during a live public question and answer event: “A technological tool is something that takes a human’s sense or ability and augments it and makes it more powerful.” He gave as example that the wearing of contact lenses or glasses is a technology that enhances human ability of vision and makes it better. Wolpert (2005)- made an interesting comparison between science and technology that is helpful in the study of their interaction with society. He explained the possible uses and applications of such scientific knowledge. He clearly emphasized that science is not the same as technology. He further explained that the very nature of science, not to predict scientific discoveries. Scientists are responsible for the reliable conduct and honest interpretation and dissemination, technological application of science. Advancements in science and technology became pervasive. It shows in the activities that humans proceed the use of tools every day. The elegance of this is to bring things forward Humans today live more productive and full of eagerness thanbefore. With these, it is expected that the generations of children and the children of their children have the chance to lead even better lives than of the past generation. The introduction of machines tremendously cut the need for human workforce. The invention of drugs, the rise of social media the way to communicate, interact and share information. Carl Sagan, American popular scientist quoted in Tom Head’s (2006) book: “We live in a society absolutely dependent on science and technology and yet have cleverly arranged things so that almost no one understands science and technology”. That’s a clear prescription of disaster. STS seeks to bridge the gap between two traditionally exclusive cultures— humanities (interpretive) and natural sciences (rational)—so that humans will be able to better confront the moral, ethical, and existencial dilemmas brought by the continued developments in science and technology. The John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology, and Values of the University of Notre Dame is responsible for listing the ten emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in science and technology every year. Below is the list of 2018: However, if some numbers given as enumerated seem unpopular to many they can be utilized in the study of Science and Technology. The enumeration is geared towards the dynamic challenges, questions, and issues that require to be satisfied and settled in the event science and technology and humanity become interrelated. Nevertheless, methods of critiquing these surfacing ethical dilemmas may come from the same methods adopted in previous critics of science and technology issues. For example, one can utilize methods applied in critiquing the rise of clinical trials of gene therapy in the 1990’s. Today’s approach in critiquing emerging science and technology issues, such as the ones listed above, may be influenced by how scientists and non-scientists evaluated the positive and negative implications of clinical trials of gene therapy in the 1990’s. For this intension one can go along to specifically draw from the concepts of history, philosophy and sociology in formulating informed and critical judgements of the ethical and moral values of this innovations of science and technology. . Ethical Dilemmas in STS John J. Reilly Center for Science Technology and values of the University of Notre Dame is responsible for listing the ten emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in science and technology. Below is the list for 2018: 1. Helix. A digital app store designed to help you read your genome. 2. The Robot Priest. BlessU-2 and Pepper are the first robot priest and monk, respectively. 3. Emotion Sensing Facial Recognition — Optimizing retail experiences by assessing your reactions. 4. Ransomware. Holding data hostage until you pay up, whether you’re an individual or a large corporation. 5. The Textalyzer. A new tool in the battle against texting and driving that tells police if you were on your phone before an accident. that this invention ushered in a breakthrough in linen production when it was introduced in Europe in 13th century AD. They would quickly replace the more traditional method of hand spinning and were a pre- requisite to the later innovations made during the Industrial Revolution like the Spinning Jenny and spinning frame. Spinning wheels appear to have their origin in India sometime between the 5th and 10th Century AD. They would eventually reach Europe later in the Middle Ages thanks to the silk road. They would quickly replace the more traditional method of hand spinning and were a pre-requisite to the later innovations made during the Industrial Revolution like the Spinning Jenny and spinning frame. The spinning wheel can, therefore, be argued to have helped lay the foundations for the modern world - as unlikely as that might seem at first. Modern Ages A period of increased efficiency in transportation, communication and production brought about by a steady increase in world population. This is also the time when industrialization took place. 1. Compound Microscope – A Dutch spectacle maker named Zacharias Jansen is credited for the invention of the first compound microscope in 1590. Together with his father Hans, Zacharias began experimenting with lenses by putting together several lenses on a tube. This led to an amazing discovery that an object, when placed near the end of the tube, can be magnified far larger than what a simple magnifying lens can do. Today, the compound microscope is an important instrument in many scientific studies, such as in the areas of medicine, forensic studies, tissue analysis, atomic studies and genetics. 2. Telescope – It was Galileo Galilei who invented the telescope, the single, most important technological invention in the study of astronomy during Modern Ages. It could magnify objects 20 times larger than the Dutch perspective glasses. It was Galileo who first used the telescope skyward and made important astronomical discoveries, and identified the presence of craters and mountains on the moon. For the first time, it became clear that the universe is far larger than previously imagined and the earth far smaller compared to the entire universe. 3. Jacquard Loom – one of the most critical drivers of the revolution. Built by French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard, the Jacquard loom simplifies textile manufacturing. Prior to the invention of the Jacquard loom, a drawloom was used which required two individuals to operate—the weaver and a “drawboy”—if figured designs on textile were needed. The Jacquard loom is also important antecedent of modern computer technology as it demonstrated the use of punched cards to instruct a machine to carry out complex tasks, i.e., making different textile patterns. 4. Engine – Powered Airplane – invented by the Wright Brothers, Orville and Wilbur, with an original flying machine patent (US patent NO. 821393) and referred to as airoplanes. The Wright Brothers were brilliant scientist who prepared the path for modern aircraft technology. 5. Television – was invented by the Scottish Engineer John Loggy Beird paving the way to the invention of the modern television. Filipino Scientists Inventions Filipinos are responsible for developing many scientific and technological innovations focused on navigation, traditional shipbuilding, textiles, food processing, indigenous arts and techniques, and even cultural inventions. The following are some of the most important inventions by Filipino scientists: 1. Electronic Jeepney (e- jeepney) – The e- jeepney is the inventive response to criticisms to the traditional jeepney that belched smoke, directly causing air pollution which made it unsustainable and uneconomical. E – jeepney are designed to be environment- friendly, eliminating noise and air pollution as they run on electricity They are also more economical for electricity is far cheaper than ordinary diesel, allowing jeepney drivers to earn more profit. 2. Erythromycin- an antibiotic out of a strain of bacterium called Streptomycin erythreus, invented by the Ilonggo Scientist Abelardo Aguilar. Probably, this is one of the most important inventions in field of medicine. 3. Medical Incubator- invented by world renown Filipino pediatrician and national scientist Fe Delmundo. This device is intended to regulate body temperature of new born babies in the rural areas. 4. Mole Remover- a local invention in 2000 that had the ability to easily remove mole and wart of the skin without any surgical procedure was invented by Rolando dela Cruz. This was made out of the extracts of cashew nuts (Annacardium occidentale), very common in the Philippines. 5. Banana Catsup- invented by a Filipino food technologist, Maria Orosa. This catsup made use of mashed banana and combined with sugar, vinegar and spices. Module 2: STS OF THE INDIGENEOUS PEOPLE AND THE NATION BUILDING 3. Lesson 1- Science and Technology of the Indigenous People This section of our Module pays homage to our own indigenous knowledge system and local science and technology, as these are practiced by the various indigenous Filipino ethnic groups and tribes in the Philippines. Indigenous people in our country are scattered over Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao in sixty-seven (67) tribes. Here, we will give examples of indigenous science, and indigenous technology. Then we will dwell on the role of the indigenous science in nation-building. But first, we will examine the Indigenous People’s Right Act of the Philippine (1997), also known as IPRA or RA 8371. 3.1. Indigenous People’s Right Act of the Philippines (1997) By definition, the Indigenous People’s Right Act of the Philippine (1997), also known as IPRA or RA 8371, is an act to recognize, protect and promote the rights of indigenous cultural communities/indigenous peoples. The creation of a National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) was accomplished to implement mechanisms and appropriate funds for its mandated purposes. Who are the Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICCs) or the Indigenous Peoples (IPs)? These terms refer to groups of people or homogenous societies identified by self- ascription and ascription by others, who have continuously lived as organized community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have, under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilized such territories, sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through resistance to political, social and cultural inroads of colonization, non-indigenous religions and cultures, became historically differentiated from the majority of Filipinos. Indigenous Cultural Communities (ICCs) or the Indigenous Peoples (IPs), which we will use interchangeably here, shall likewise include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, at the time of conquest or colonization, or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions and cultures, or the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains; Dichotomous Categories of the IP’s of the Philippines Culturally-indigenous peoples in our country may be categorized in many ways, but usually by dichotomous; (1) highlands and lowlands; (2) Muslim and non-Muslim; and (3) Northern (mostly from Luzon) and Southern (mostly from Mindanao). Firstly, northern Philippine highlands can be grouped into the Igorot (comprising many different groups) and singular Bugkalot groups, while the non-Muslim culturally-indigenous groups of mainland Mindanao are collectively called Lumad. Australo-Melanesian groups throughout the archipelago are termed Aeta, Ita, Ati, Dumagat, among others. Numerous culturally-indigenous groups also live outside these two indigenous corridors On the other hand, the Southern Philippines, upland and lowland tribal groups are concentrated in Mindanao and Western Visayas, although there are several upland groups such as the Mangyan living in Mindoro. Among the most important groups found in Mindanao are collectively called the Lumad, and includes the Manobo which is a bigger ethnographic group such as the Ata-Manobo and the Matigsalug found in Davao City, Davao del Norte and Bukidnon Province; the Langilan- Manobo in Davao del Norte; the Agusan-Manobo in Agusan del Sur and southern parts of Agusan del Norte; the Pulanguiyon-Manobo of Bukidnon Province; the Ubo-Manobo in southwestern parts of Davao City, and northern parts of North Cotabato Province that is also to include the Arumanen-Manobo of Carmen (N. Cotabato); the Dulangan-Manobo in the Province of Sultan Kudarat; among other more Philippine tribal groups. 3.2. Indigenous Knowledge System, Science and Technology 2. PNRI (Philippine Nuclear Research Institute) Formerly the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). This is under DOST to mandate and regulate the safe and peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology. 3. PhilRice (Philippine Rice Research Institute) It is located at Munoz, Nueva Ecija. It aims to develop and promote the use of science and technology to ensure food security for the Filipino people. 4. IRRI (International Rice Research Institute) The focus is to abolish poverty and hunger among people that depend on rice-based agri-food system and provides a sustainable rice sector’s globally. 5. PAGASA (Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration) It provides protection against natural calamities and utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety, well- being and economic security of people. 5. BFAR (Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources) This agency is responsible for the development, improvement, management, and conservation of fisheries and aquatic resources. 6. DENR (Department of Environment and Natural Resources) This agency is responsible for conservation, management, and development of the environment and natural resources. It provides protection of the environment for a sustainable development. 4.2. Former Presidents of the Philippines and their Contributions and The Filipino Scientists Knowing the different agencies mentioned above, can you think other Philippine agencies, organizations, or programs established by the former presidents of the Philippines that it pertains to science and technology? Former Presidents of the Philippines and their Contributions Presidents Contribution in Science and Technology 1. Corazon “Cory” Aquino  During her term, National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) was renamed DOST. She encouraged scientists and inventors to bring again the Philippines next to Japan in the field of science and technology  During the presidency of F.V. Ramos in 1987, he established the “Doctors to the Barrios” (DTTB) program. This was created to deploy 2. Fidel V. Ramos doctors in the different municipalities even in far-flung areas in the Philippines for health care accessible for the Filipinos.  The National Program for Gifted Filipino Children in Science and Technology was established for high school learners who wanted to pursue a career in the field of science and engineering in college.  There are some laws related to science and technology was created like RA 7459: Inventors and Inventions Incentives Act; RA 8439: Magna Carta for Scientist Engineers, Researchers and other Science and Technology Personnel in the Philippine government sectors; RA 8293: The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines 3. Joseph Estrada  During his term, RA 8749 (The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999) and RA 8792 (Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 were signed and mandated.  He implemented the cost-effective irrigation technologies and providing basic health care services for those who cannot afford. 4. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo  Former president Gloria Arroyo encouraged farmers to use rice varieties that can withstand environmental hazards. 4. Benigno Aquino, III  During the presidency of B. “Noynoy” Aquino, III he named new National Scientists- Gavino C. Trono, Angel C. Alcala, Ramon C. Barba and Edgardo C. Gomez. Filipino Scientists  On June 6, 2014 Ramon C. Barba was conferred his title as National Scientist for his invention of flower induction of mango trees and on micropropagation of important crop species that would help the livelihood for those who work in the field of agriculture.  Academician Gavino C. Trono was conferred his title as National Scientist by virtue of Proclamation No. 737 on March 13, 2014 for his contributions in the field of tropical marine phycology. He was the first to report the occurrence of “ice-ice” disease that caused the loss of biomass and hardening of the seaweed’s tissues.  Academician Angel C. Alcala is one of the outstanding National Scientists for his invention of artificial coral reef system. He is a pinoy pioneer in marine biodiversity and reef conservation. In his advocacy he highlighted the importance of marine protected areas in species rehabilitation. He was the first Filipino scientist who studies on Philippine reptiles and amphibians. 4.3. Science and Technology in the Philippines and the Environment Science and technology have a big contributions to society. It improves the quality of the lives of many Filipino people. It provides a faster and easier communication, transportation, business, mechanized agriculture, and learning process. Through technological advancement, most of the people are dependent on technology due to increase of the trend of digital technologies. With the use of internet and social media, information is transmitted easily and quickly. People can use video conferencing, video calls, emails, telegrams, messengers, and emoticons for communication. The discoveries and innovations on transportation such as iBus, salamander amphibious tricycle, and e-jeepneys improves environmental condition to lessen the emission of pollution. Science and technology also help many farmers and agriculturists to improve their crops. For instance, agriculturists can now increase their crop yield through hybridization and genetic engineering. Likewise, the discoveries and inventions of Filipino scientists have made possible to predict the climate condition that is best suited for crop varieties The educational system had change through science and technology. The availability of computers, laptops, mobile phones, tablets, ipads, and other electronic gadgets are tools to improved learning process. Online learning has also become popular in both public and private institutions. It helps many students to learn anytime, everywhere and even they are not physically present in a classroom setting.