Inquiries investigations and immersion, Study notes of English

Download Inquiries investigations and immersion and more Study notes English in PDF only on Docsity! DepED DEPARTMENT SOF EDUCATION Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion Quarter 2- Module 5: Finding the Answers to the Research Questions (Quanlitative)  Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion – Grade 12 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 – Module 5: Finding the Answers to the Research Questions (Quantitative) First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: “No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition, payment of royalty.” This material has been developed in support to the Open High School for Senior High School Program implementation in the Department of Education, Region X-Northern Mindanao. It can be reproduced for educational purposes and can be modified for the purpose of translation into another language provided that the source must be clearly acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an edited version, enhancement or a supplementary work are permitted provided all original works are acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work may be derived from this material for commercial purposes and profit. Borrowed materials included in this module are owned by the respective copyright holders. Effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from the respective copyright owners. The publisher and author do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Printed in the Philippines by: Department of Education – Regional Office 10 Office Address: Zone 1, Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro City 9000 Telefax: (088) 880-7071, (088) 880-7072 E-mail Address: region10@deped.gov.ph Development Team of the Module: Author: Cheryll M. Sabaldana Reviewers: Mark Jason Dungog Cathrine B. Pielago Illustrator: Jungie G. Palma Management Team: Chairperson: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III Regional Director Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr., CESO V Asst. Regional Director Mala Epra B. Magnaong CES, CLMD Members: Dr. Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr. Regional ADM Coordinator Dr.Nick C. Pañares EPS, Science enhance your knowledge and skill in data analysis and interpretation and implication. You can improve your hidden skills in this area. You can make it. At the end of this module you are expected to learn the following:  Interpretation of Data  Descriptive Data Analysis Method How to learn from this module? To achieve the objectives of this module, do the following: . Take your time reading the lessons . Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activity exercises diligently . Answer all the given tests and exercises . Follow the process of interpretation and analysis of the sample data . Familiarize yourself with following terms; Term Definition Research data Data analysis - - is any information that has been collected, observed, generated or created to validate a research study. a process that involves examining, and molding collected data for interpretation to discover relevant information, draw or propose conclusions and support decision-making to solve a research problem. - The arithmetic mean, the sum of the numbers divided by how many numbers. What I Know Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the best answer 1. What does quantitative data refers to? 2 a. graphs and tables. b. numerical data that could usefully be quantified to help you answer your search question(s) and to meet your objectives. c. any data you present in your report. d. Statistical analysis 2. Which measure of central tendency is obtained using the middle score when all scores are organized in numerical order? a. Mean c. Mode b. Median d. None of these 3. Which measure of central tendency is obtained by calculating the sum of values and dividing this figure by the number of values there are in the data set? a. Mean c. Mode b. Median d. None of these 4. Which measure of central tendency is derived from the most common value? a. Mean c. Mode b. Median d. None of these 5. What method is used to compute average or central value of collected data? a. measures of positive variation b. measures of central tendency c. measures of negative skewness d. measures of negative variation 6. What does standard deviation refers to? a. a way of measuring the extent of spread of quantifiable data. b. inappropriate in management and business research. c. a way of describing those phenomena that are not the norm. d. a way of illustrating crime statistics. For question 7 – 9, refer to the following problem A survey was conducted to know the audience feedback on a dance presentation. It asked this question: “In your opinion, the dance presentation was entertaining, boring or neither?” Respondents Entertaining Boring neither A 1 B 1 C 1 D 1 E 1 Total 3 1 1 3 7. What percentage of the respondents said that the dance presentation is entertaining? a.50% c. 70% b.60% d. 20% 8. What percentage of the respondents said that the dance presentation is boring? a.50% c. 70% b.60% d. 20% 9. What percentage of the respondents said that the dance presentation is neither entertaining or boring? a.50% c. 70% b.60% d. 20% 10. The total marks obtained by few students in mathematics exam are 100, 160, 154, 95 and 82. What is the mean? a.117.2 c. 119.2 b.118.2 d. 120.2 11. The following are the methods use in quantitative data analysis except a. Data Validation c. Data Coding b. Data Editing d. Data Correction 12. What are the two commonly used tool in quantitative data analysis a. Descriptive Statistics c. Measures of Central Tendency b. Inferential Statistics d. both a and b For question 13 - 14, refer to the following problem A study conducted to determine G10 students of ABC National High School to enroll in ABM strand based on their academic performance and NCAE result. The following data were given. Profile of the Participants Age Frequency Percent 15 5 17.9 16 17 60.7 17 5 17.9 18 1 3.6 Total 28 100.0 Mean 16.07 Gender Male 6 21.4 4 research data to identify and clean out any points that may become the barrier to come up with an accurate results. For example, an error could be fields in the data information that were left empty by respondents. While editing and checking the data, it is important to ensure that empty data/information will be removed or has to be filled in. Step 3: Data Coding This is the number one significant process in data preparation. Data coding refers to grouping and assigning values/codes to responses from the conducted survey. For example, if a researcher has interviewed 1000 people and now wants to find the average daily allowance of the respondents, the researcher will create daily allowance brackets and categorize the daily allowance of each of the respondent as per codes. (For example, respondents who has a daily allowance of Php10.00 - below Php20.00 and Php20.00 – below Php3000 would have their daily allowance coded as 1, Php10.00 – below Php20.00 as 2, Php20.00 – below Php30.00 as 2, etc.) Then during analysis, the researcher can come up with simplified daily allowance, rather than having many ranges of individual daily allowances. Quantitative data interpretation comprises studying the results taken from various questions in a survey. The results are commonly shown numerically and by percentage in the data tables. After doing the three steps mention above, the data is now ready for the analysis. The two most widely used quantitative data analysis methods are descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. LESSON 2: QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS METHODS Data collection comprises a major area of the research process. This data however has to be analyzed to have it` s meaning. There are many methods of analyzing quantitative data collected in surveys. They are: Cross-tabulation. This is the most commonly used quantitative data analysis methods. It is the most preferred method since it uses a basic tabular form to draw inferences between different data-sets of dependent and independent variable. It contains data that have some connection with each other. 7 Steps to conduct Quantitative Data Analysis For quantitative data, raw data has to showed in a significant manner using analysis methods. Quantitative data should be analyzed in order to find evidential/factual data that would help in facilitating the research process. Relate measurement scales with variables: Associate sacles of measurement such as Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio with the variables – dependent and independent variables. This step is of utmost important to arrange the data in proper sequence/order. Data can be entered/encoded into an excel sheet to organize it in a specific data format. Connect descriptive statistics with data: Connect descriptive statistics to contain available data. It can be hard to establish a pattern in the raw data. Some commonly used descriptive statistics are: Mean - An average of values for a specific variable Median - A midpoint of the value scale for a variable Mode - For a variable, the most common value Frequency - Number of times a particular value is observed in the scale Minimum and Maximum Values - Lowest & highest values for the scale Percentages - Format to express scores and set of values for variables Range: the highest and lowest value in a set of values. Decide a measurement scale: It is important to decide the measurement scale to conclude a descriptive statistic for the specific variable. For example, a nominal variable score will never have a mean or median and so the descriptive statistics will vary. Descriptive statistics will suit in a situation where the results are not to be generalized to the whole population. Select appropriate tables to represent data and analyze collected data: After deciding on a suitable measurement scale, researchers can use a tabular format to represent data. This data can be analyzed using various techniques such as Cross-tabulation. 8 WHAT IS IT Descriptive statistics provide absolute/whole numbers. However, they do not explain the reasoning behind those numbers. Before applying descriptive statistics, it’s important to think about which one is the most appropriate for your research question and what you want to present. For instance, a percentage is a good way to present the age distribution of respondents. It should be noted that visual presentations of data findings are insignificant unless a sound decision is made regarding scales of measurement. Before any data analysis can begin, the scale of measurement must be decided for the data as this will have a long-term impact on data interpretation. The varying scales include: Nominal Scale: non-numeric categories that cannot be ranked or compared quantitatively. Variables are exclusive and exhaustive. Ordinal Scale: exclusive categories that are exclusive and exhaustive but with a logical order. Quality ratings and agreement ratings are examples of ordinal scales (i.e., good, very good, fair, etc., or agree, strongly agree, disagree, etc.). Interval: a measurement scale where data is grouped into categories with orderly and equal distances between the categories. There is always an arbitrary zero point. Ratio: contains features of all three. Quantitative Data Examples Listed below are some examples of quantitative data that can help understand exactly what this refers to: . I updated my laptop 2 times in a year. . Our youngest sister grew by 5 inches last year. . 68 people uploaded the latest mobile application. . My nephew lost his Php500 last week. . 100 respondents were of the opinion of their product preference . There will be 50% increase in revenue with the inclusion of a new product. . 200 people attended the seminar. 9 Total 375 100 Interpretation of Data (Table 1) Table 2 reveals that almost 45.33 percent of the respondents are in the age bracket of 21- 30 years old compared to only 9.3 percent in ages 51 – 61 years old and above and 21.33 percent belonged to the 31- 40 age range. This age profile is important as it also reflects the current age demographic for the Filipinos according to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). There is a much younger age cohort of teachers entering the workforce. There is a much younger cohort who has the capacity to purchase product and services. Table 2 Distribution of Respondents by Sex Sex Frequency Percent Male 230 61.33 Female 145 38.67 Total 375 100 Interpretation of Data (Table 2) Table 2 shows that 61.33 percent of the respondents are female compared to 38.67 percent males. This is representative of the current gender distribution of the population in the Philippines. According to Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) in 2015 of the total population in the Philippines, 50.40% are males and the rest are females. This gender distribution is common among most countries where male becomes more in population than female (Skelton, 2012). STOP! Now it`s your turn to answer the following questions below Supposes a study is conducted to one of the stores in your barangay to determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the residences ages 22 to 60 years old. The following data were given. 12 Table 3 Distribution of Respondents by Age Age Frequency Percent 21 – 30 yrs. old 38 42.22 31 – 40 yrs .old 21 23.33 41 – 50 yrs. old 18 20 51 – 60 yrs. old 13 14.44 Total 90 100 Kindly give your interpretation on the given data in table 3. ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ Suppose you want to determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the residence of one of the barangays of El Salvador City ages 22 to 60 years old. What particular data analysis method will you use? ________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ ASSESSMENT Multiple Choice: Encircle the letter of the best answer 1. What does quantitative data refers to? e. graphs and tables. f. numerical data that could usefully be quantified to help you answer your search question(s) and to meet your objectives. g. any data you present in your report. h. Statistical analysis 2. Which measure of central tendency is obtained using the middle score when all scores are organized in numerical order? a. Mean c. Mode 13 b. Median d. None of these 3. Which measure of central tendency is obtained by calculating the sum of values and dividing this figure by the number of values there are in the data set? a. Mean c. Mode b. Median d. None of these 4. Which measure of central tendency is derived from the most common value? a. Mean c. Mode b. Median d. None of these 5. What method is used to compute average or central value of collected data? e. measures of positive variation f. measures of central tendency g. measures of negative skewness h. measures of negative variation 6. What does standard deviation refers to? e. a way of measuring the extent of spread of quantifiable data. f. inappropriate in management and business research. g. a way of describing those phenomena that are not the norm. h. a way of illustrating crime statistics. For question 7 – 9, refer to the following problem A survey was conducted to know the audience feedback on a dance presentation. It asked this question: “In your opinion, the dance presentation was entertaining, boring or neither?” Respondents Entertaining Boring neither A 1 B 1 C 1 14 Activity 1 Suppose you want to sell your product to of one of the school canteen of El Salvador city thus you conducted study to one of the schools in El Salvador city Misamis Oriental to determine the factors affecting consumer preferences of the students ages 16 to 19 years old. The following data were given. Table 1 Distribution of Respondents by Age Kindly write your interpretation, based on the data given in table 1. Remember to write first the comparison and contrast of the data given, its implication to the study and connect it with your review of related literature. ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Activity 2 The same research study given in activity 1 was conducted. The following data were given below Table 2 Distribution of Respondents by Sex Sex Frequency Percent 17 Age Frequency Percent 16 yrs. old 370 45.12 17 yrs .old 200 24.39 18 yrs. old 150 18.29 19 yrs. old 100 12.20 Total 820 100 Male 430 52.43 Female 390 47.56 Total 820 100 Kindly write your interpretation, based on the data given in table 2. Remember to write first the comparison and contrast of the data given, its implication to the study and connect it with your review of related literature. ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ Activity 3 The same research study given in activity 1 was conducted. The following data were given below: Table 3 Distribution of Respondents by Daily Allowance 18 Kindly write your interpretation, based on the data given in table 3. Remember to write first the comparison and contrast of the data given, its implication to the study and connect it with your review of related literature. ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ Suppose you want to determine the factors affecting customer preferences among the residence of barangay Poblacion, El Salvador City ages 22 to 60 years old. What particular data analysis method will you use? ________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 19 Daily Allowance Frequency Percent Below Php20 120 14.63 Php20 – below Php30 200 24.39 Php30 – below Php40 150 18.29 Php40 – below Php50 100 12.20 Above Php50 250 30.49 Total 820 100