Internal and External Stimuli Measured by Electroencephalogram | PSY 1410, Exams of Psychology

Download Internal and External Stimuli Measured by Electroencephalogram | PSY 1410 and more Exams Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!  Consciousness- Awareness of external and internal stimuli; measured by EEG Biological Rhythms:  Daily- digestion, sleep cycle, breathing, heart rate, blinking, hair growth, hunger  Monthly- menstrual cycle  Yearly- aging, seasonal affective disorder Circadian Rhythms:  24-Hour biological cycle that regulates sleep patterns Sleep Cycles:  Stage 1: Transitional Stage- woken up easily, jerking, sensory experience, hypnagogia, disengaging from surrounding. 1-7 minutes into sleep  Stage 2: Rapid, high peaking brain waves (sleep spindles) on stage. 10-25 minutes.  Stage 3: Low frequency delta waves. Deeper sleep, difficult to arouse. Breathing and heart rate slow down. 30 minutes into sleep.  Stage 4: Very deep sleep. Hard to wake. Don’t always dream. 70 minutes into sleep.  REM STAGE: dreaming, brain wave patterns same as when we are awake. Sleep paralysis. 90 minutes into sleep. Sleep Disorders:  Insomnia- trouble getting adequate sleep  Sleep apnea- repeatedly stops breathing  Nightmares- anxiety arousing dreams (REM)  Night terrors- abrupt awakening from non REM; panic and fear  Sleep walking- occurs during non REM  Narcolepsy- neurological; causes excessive sleepiness; falls asleep throughout the day/  REM sleep disorder- acts out dreams; muscles don’t paralyze. Functions of Sleep:  Restoration- we sleep in order to promote physiological processes that restore and rejuvenate the mind and body.  Circadian/adaptive- sleep is a result of evolutionary adaptation. Theories of Sleeping:  Psychoanalytic- FREUD (symbolic). Dream to express unconscious wishes, conflicts and desires.  Problem-focused- working through our problems  Activation-synthesis- physiological theory. Doesn’t mean anything. Activation of neurons in pons. What we go through. Hypnosis- systematic procedure that produces a heightened state of suggestibility  Dissociation theory- hypnotized person is in a trance-like state.  Sociocognitive theory- hypnosis works by creating powerful social pressures that makes us want to conform. Sensation and Perception  Stimulation of sensory organs (or messages from the senses).  Selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory information. The Eye  The Retina- Rods-sensitivity (100 mill). Cones= acuity + color (7 mill).  Vision- Stimulus = light Color Perception  Trichromatic theory- 3 cone types: red, green, blue. Color perception- relative response.  Opponent process theory- 4 basic colors: red, green, yellow, blue; neurons process opponent pairs  Bottom-up: info flows from sensory receptors to brain.  Top-down: knowledge, experience, and expectations to guide perceptions Gestalt Principles- The whole is more than the sum of its parts  Figure-ground- makes two figures  Proximity- separate to unity  Closure- figure not complete but we can complete what it is  Similarity- similar elements being grouped  Continuity- continuation  Common fate- same direction and speed Perceptual Constancies- tendency to see objects as unchanging despite changes to sensory input; represents constancy in our environment even when retinal image varies.  Shape and size constancy  Brightness constancy- an object is perceived as maintaining color and lightness properties under very different illuminations. Depth Perception  Perceiving 3-D characteristics and distance of objects. Relies on stimulus cues from environment and our visual system (Convergence and binocular disparity).  Stimulus cues: relative size, texture gradient, overlap/interposition, linear perspective, and shading. Learning- relative permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience (association). Classical Conditioning