International Peace Collapse, Schemes and Mind Maps of History

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Why Had International Peace Collapsed by 1939 1931 Japan's invasion of Manchuria led to Italy, Germany and Japan control Abyssinia China Austria Czechoslovakia Memel Albania Poland long term consequences of peace treaties 1919-1923 dissatisfied powers racial equality clause was rejected at paris peace conference expected a greater share of Germany's trading rights than china Italy Japan hoped to receive Adriatic port of Fiume and greater share of former german and Turkish colonies Germany hated treaty of versailles territory disarmament guilt reparations stabbed in the back by November criminals Germany had actually not lost wanted to profitfrom surrender untrue myth popular with right-wing needed to overturn treaty of versailles Germany's potential treaty of versailles dissatisfied allowed to gain power resources hitler's foreign policy rearmament remilitarise rhineland anschluss takeover industrial Sudetenland from czechoslovakia occupy prague seizure of memel claim Danzig and Polish corridor impact on French and british opinion British French initially satisfied then realised it may be unfair decided to help Germany recover not harsh enough wanted to disable Germany for their security couldn't stand up to hitler joined british inconsistencies separating east Prussia from Germany by polish corridor league controlling danzig many germans Czechoslovakia control sudetenland 3.5 million germans consequences of league failures in 1930s Manchuria 1931 first sserious challenge from a great power if league was firm, it would warn other powers league failed japan saw that the league is weak without USA and USSR USSR joined league in 1934 more concerned about agricultural and industrial reform Italy and Germany encouraged Abyssinia 1935 league imposed useless sanctions (coil and oil not taken away) double dealing hoare-laval pact failure of league and rearmament Britain and france didn't spend enough on defence due to world recession; money was scarce both used collective security as an excuse for this public opinion was against major arms spending 1936, it was understood that rearmament was necessary led to appeasement towards dictators satisfying dictators' by treaties and pacts how far was hitler's foreign policy responsible destroy communism conflict with USSR central European empire Germany would become most powerful state in Europe if not the world destroy treaty of versailles break disarmament conscription army navy air force remilitarizing rhineland gain lost territory greater Germany all germans brought to reich extend frontiers to german populated areas Czechoslovakia Poland Austria lebensraum more land recreation cultivation at expense of Poland and USSR wanted france as a client state more dominance atlantic aims direction towards war 1933-1935 1933 refused to pay reparations left disarmament conference left league secretly rearming 1934 jan10 year non- aggression pact with poland safe to move against Austria and czechoslovakia jul 1934 anschluss murder of chancellor dollfuss musslonin stopped hitlers invasion hitler denied dollfuss's murder jan 1935 saar plebiscite according to treaty of verasailles 90% wanted germany Germany gained territory legally mar 1935 conscription550k men air force challenging allies formed stresa front mutual- assistance pacts france and USSR USSR and Czechoslovakia anglo- german naval agreement jun 1935Germany can have 35% of britains navy germany can have 45% of britains submarines no agreement with france or italy mussolini was encouraged to extend italian colonies this way hitler revealing his true intentions1936-1938 successfully remilitarized rhineland peaceful intentions proven by 25 year non- aggression pact with west france had economic crisis britain and france didnt see it worth it to risk european peace for this Spanish civil war 1936-1939 started by general franco supported by hitler and mussolini fasciststalin supported republicans hopes reality spain would be allied to germany, provide naval base, and hostility to france franco concentrated on domestic issues; neutral during WW2 germany's armed forces could be tested in the war luftwaffe able to test dive bombing alliance with italy left britain and france. formed rome-berlin axis; very close to alliance move attention of western forces from central europe happened, and hitler could take control of austria and czechoslovakia anti-comintern pact 1936 japan and Germany against USSR Mussolini joined 1937 Anschluss 1938 almost 7 million german speakers in Austria mussolini was stopping hitler relationship with Mussolini improved since 1934 hitler forced schuschnigg in 1938 to appoint seyss-inquart as interior minister Schuschnigg held a plebiscite hitler ordered his resignation and appointed seyss-inquart as chancellor seyss-inquart then asked Germany for help hitler sent army into Austria in 1938 plebiscites confirmed anschluss more military and resources hitler hated Czechoslovakia treaty of saint germain treaty of versailles aliied to USSR and France democracy Sudeten germans were discriminated hitler told them to protest didnt want war with USSR, france and britain munich agreement 1938 15 September 22 september bavaria rhineland german populated area of sudetenland given to germans to be approved by britain, france, and czechoslovakia chamberlain reported discussions in Bavaria Mussolini chamberlainhitler 2 summit meetings deladier hitler claims sudeten territories immediately czechs to withdraw from sudeten areas by 1st october to avoid conflict munich conference all 4 leaders as 2 summit meetings 1938 after summit meetings hitler get Sudeten areas over 10 days plebiscites in codominantly national areas remainder of Czechoslovakia to remain after polish and Hungarian claims few hours later, chamberlain offered hitler to sign an agreement saying that they will promote european peace together, and will use "method of consultation" for mutual differences good bad britain wasnt ready to have a war in 1938 britain had incomplete air defenses; threatened by luftwaffe british dominions weren't united for war wouldve been seen as opposing self- determination, and to prevent german control over europe britain and france abandoned czechoslovakia extreme appeasement incase of war britain would have support of 36 divisions in 1938 (500k troops) britain and france might have assistance or neutrality of USSR during war Justification of appeasement correcting injustices of verailles by 1930s many thought Versailles was too harsh saw it as reasonable to cut Germany some slack allow it to defend itself and frontiers injustice on germans was intensified by dominions, who were supporting self- determination increasing militarism of japan and italy britain would not win a war against japan and france with all their power, with france as their only ally britain was seen as weak, but it had time to improve its air defences importance of nazi- soviet pact popular all appeasing governments led democratic countries, so public opinion was greatly considered most people wanted peace and not rearmament threat of communism USSR was a threat; spread of communism germany was strong and anti- communism some politicians feared communism more than nazism why did britain and france adopt a policy to deter germany after 1939? abandoned appeasement invasion of czechoslovakia after loss of sudetenland, czechoslovakia began to break up however, still rich in industry and agriculture required by hitler hitler strikes in march 1939 president Hacha bullied to give germany fortunes of czechoslovakia german army occupies Prague in 1939 no justification for these actions. hitler had no right to take czechoslovakia german/ italian relations 1934-1939 1934 Italy opposes Germany's invasion of austria 1935 Italy joins stresa front against german rearmament germany continues trade with italy during abyssinian crisis 1936 italy joins germany supporting franco in spanish civil war rome- berlin axis 1937 mussolini visits hitler in berlin italy joins japan and germany signing anti- comintern pact 1938 mussolini agrees to anschluss mussolini persuades hitler to agree to munich conference 1939 pact of steel: italy's formal alliance with germany mussolini informs hitler he's not ready for war, so remains neutral when britain and france declare war on germany examples 1935 anglo- german naval agreement hoare-laval pact 1936 passiveness towards reoccupation of rhineland 1938 passiveness towards anschluss munich agreement Japanese and Italian aggression 1931-1939 japan italy 1931 manchuria 1937 rest of china 1935 abyssinia 1939 albania british-french gurantee to poland Poland would be hitler's next target recreation by versailles had some of germany's former territory like west prussia polish corridor separated germany from east prussia danzig was mainly germans britain and france tried to form an eastern alliance with USSR to protect poland stalin feared he would be in war with germany eastern alliance project failed 10 year non- aggression pact secret clauses of parting poland Molotov- ribbentrop pact stalin needed time to build up mititary anglo-french/ german war would last long time stalin feared a simultaneous attack from japan hitler could invade poland without fear of USSR why did france and britain declare war on germany in september 1939? germany ignored the ultimatum and pursued the attack on poland why was this seen as germany attempting to dominate europe? germany's invasion of the remainder of czechoslovakia had no justification poland's invasion was a continuation despite legitimate claims on danzig and polish corridor why was hitler not deterred by british-french guarantees to Poland? he didnt expect them to stick to their word they appeased his other violations they didnt have support of USSR