Interpersonal Attraction - Psycology of Extremist - Lecture Slides, Slides of Psychology

Download Interpersonal Attraction - Psycology of Extremist - Lecture Slides and more Slides Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Interpersonal Attraction  Administration  Need to Belong  What Determines Attraction  Reward Theories of Attraction  Break  Passionate vs. Companionate Love  Learning More about Research in Social Psychology  Volunteering, Independent Studies, Honour’s Theses, Graduate School Docsity.com Need to Belong Need to Belong A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. • We are social animals. Human beings are driven by a desire to form and maintain relationships. • People seek relationships with others to fill a fundamental need to belong. • Not meeting this need to belong influences us in many important ways. Docsity.com Need to Belong Twenge et al. (2001) exclusion task • YOUR PERSONALITY PROFILE (Belong Feedback) Based on past personality research, your overall score and the specific pattern of your responses indicate that you are the type of person who will have rewarding relationships throughout life. Your personality type allows you to have close and satisfying connections with other people. Therefore, you are likely to have a long and stable marriage and friendships that will last into your later years. The odds are that you will always have friends and people who care about you. Docsity.com Need to Belong Twenge et al. (2001) exclusion task • YOUR PERSONALITY PROFILE (Misfortune Feedback) Your overall score and the specific pattern of your responses indicate that you have scored high on a subscale of this questionnaire that past personality research has correlated with accident proneness later in life. This suggests that you have a personality type that will likely cause you to sustain several accidents later in your life. You may break an arm or a leg a few times or you may be injured in car accidents. Even if you were not accident-prone earlier in life, the probability of these occurrences will increase greatly later in life, and the odds are that you will be involved in many accidents. Docsity.com Need to Belong When our need to belong is not met (e.g., when we are ostracized or excluded from bonding with others), research has shown that – our mood becomes depressed – we feel anxious – we feel emotional pain (similar to physical pain in fMRI data) – we can become aggressive – we underperform – we may even engage in self-defeating behaviour – conform more (e.g., Asch line task estimation task) Docsity.com What Determines Attraction? 1. Proximity 2. Physical Attractiveness 3. Similarity 4. Reciprocity Docsity.com 1. Proximity We like people who are close by. Proximity or more specifically “Functional distance” between two people predicts liking. It is not geographical distance so much as how often people cross paths and come into contact with each other. Docsity.com Proximity: Impact (Festinger, Schachter, & Back, 1950) • 270 MIT students randomly assigned to apartments in 17-building complex • Asked to name 3 closest friends within the complex – 65% of friends mentioned were from same building – Out of students living on the same floor # of doors away % said they were a close friend 1 41% 2 22% 3 16% 4 10% Docsity.com 2. Physical Attractiveness • Constraints on what is beautiful is good assumption. – The Matching Hypothesis People often pair off with others who are about as attractive as they are. White (1980) found that when couples were matched in terms of their physical attractiveness, their courtship progress was more positive over a 9 month period – they were more likely to have fallen deeply in love. – Costs of Beauty What is beautiful is not good in ALL ways. Negative stereotypes related to attractive people are vain and promiscuous (Dermer & Theil, 1975). Also they receive more unwanted sexual advances. Very attractive people may attribute positive responses from others to their looks rather than their personality or deeds. – What is good (likeable) is also beautiful. Docsity.com 2. Other Qualities We find Attractive • According to evolutionary psychologist, men and women find different qualities attractive in their mates. This perspective suggests that our mate selection is based on the extent to which this partner can help us pass on our genes to the next generation. – Because childbearing is a long and involved process, women look for cues that a man can protect and provide for her and her offspring. For women to succeed reproductively, they need a mate who displays wealth and power/dominance. A partner with these traits will help her provide and care for the limited number of children she can produce and look after. – Because passing along genes is relatively fast and easy, men look for cues that women are fertile. For men to succeed reproductively, they need produce as many children as possible. They therefore look for a women who is beautiful (i.e., healthy and fertile) and young. Docsity.com Evidence for the Evolutionary Perspective Good financial prospect Physically attractive Docsity.com 3. Similarity We like people who are similar. • Physical Attractiveness • Attitudes • Personality – Complementarity - attraction to people who are the opposite of us (e.g., “You complete me.”) • No real evidence for this. • Behaviors and activities – Mimicry We not only like others who are similar but we dislike others who are dissimilar (this latter effect is even larger). Docsity.com 4. Reciprocity We tend to like those who like us. In a study by Curtis and Miller (1986) • 60 same-sex pairs of previously unacquainted students • 5-min. get-to-know-you conversation • Manipulate Person A’s belief about Person B’s feelings for them. Importantly Person B does not know about this manipulation. Person A is told: – “Person B likes you” – “Person B dislikes you” • 10-min. discussion • Measure A’s and B’s liking Docsity.com 4. Reciprocity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 A's liking for B B's liking for A Person B likes you Person B dislikes you Docsity.com The Investment Model of Commitment Rusbult (1983) Rewards Costs Comparison Level Satisfaction with relationship Level of investment in relationship Quality of alternatives to relationship Commitment to relationship Stability of relationship Docsity.com Love and Passion Passionate Love A state of intense longing for union with another. “When it comes to saying ‘I do,’ is a relationship a relationship without the zsa zsa zsu (aka: that special something that gives you butterflies in the stomach)?” ~Carrie Bradshaw, Sex and the City, Vol. 5 episode 74 Docsity.com The role of arousing activities • Couples assigned to engage in “exciting” activities (vs. pleasant but unexciting or control) showed greater increase in relationship quality over 10 weeks (Reissman, Aron, & Bergman, 1993) Docsity.com If a man (woman) had all the other qualities you desired, would you marry this person if you were not in love with him (her)? ____ Yes ____ No Love and Passion 0 20 40 60 80 100 Un ite d S tat es Br az il En gla nd Au str ali a Ja pa n Ho ng K on g Ph illip ine s Th ail an d Ind ia Pa kis tan Yes No (Levine, Sato, Hashimoto, & Verma, 1995) Docsity.com Love over time • Romantic love has a limited life-span – 18 - 30 months (Hazan, 1999) • When relationships last, companionship appears to be what lasts... – Most common responses among couples married over 15 years when asked why their marriages had lasted (Lauer & Lauer, 1985). • “My spouse is my best friend.” • “I like my spouse as a person.” Docsity.com Is the drop in romantic love inevitable? • Although couples on average experienced declines in marital quality over the first 10 years of marriage (especially in the first year and the eighth year), 10% experienced an increase (Karney & Bradbury, 1997). • Among couples married 30 years or longer, a small but significant number report high levels of passion (e.g., “I melt when I look into my partner’s eyes.”) (Tucker & Aron, 1993). 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