Understanding Psychology: Nature vs. Nurture and Key Concepts, Study notes of Psychology

Download Understanding Psychology: Nature vs. Nurture and Key Concepts and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Intro - 1 Bryant-Taneda: AP Psychology Test Bank – History and Perspectives of Psychology (Introduction) 1. The first psychology laboratory was established in ________ by ________. A) Russia; Ivan Pavlov B) Austria; Sigmund Freud C) Germany; Wilhelm Wundt D) the United States; William James 2. Which of the following disciplines had the greatest influence on the way Wundt, Pavlov, Freud, and Piaget approached the study of psychology? A) biology B) sociology C) political science D) chemistry 3. Wilhelm Wundt used the research method known as: A) neuroscience. B) introspection. C) psychoanalysis. D) massed practice. E) PRTR. 4. In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________; from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________. A) mental illness; effective psychotherapy B) maladaptive behavior; adaptive behavior C) unconscious motives; conscious thoughts and feelings D) mental processes; observable behavior 5. John Watson is to Wilhelm Wundt as ________ is to ________. A) heredity; environment B) observable behavior; inner sensations C) mental illness; psychotherapy D) cognitive perspective; psychoanalytic perspective 6. Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science of: A) conscious and unconscious mental activity. B) observable responses to the environment. C) behavior and mental processes. D) thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. E) maladaptive and adaptive behaviors. 7. Breathing is to remembering as ________ is to ________. A) evolution; natural selection B) behavior; mental process C) irrationality; rationality D) nurture; nature 8. The suggestion that psychology is less a set of facts than a method of evaluating ideas best highlights Intro - 2 the ________ nature of psychology. A) youthful B) behavioral C) scientific D) introspective 9. Jake acts very differently with his family than he does when he is with his friends. Jake's behavior is most directly relevant to the issue of: A) nature versus nurture. B) rationality versus irrationality. C) behavior versus mental processes. D) stability versus change. 10. Whether homo sapiens is an appropriate description of the human species is a question most directly relevant to the issue of: A) stability versus change. B) nature versus nurture. C) behavior versus mental processes. D) rationality versus irrationality. 11. Molly wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and white friends result from biological or cultural differences. In this instance, Molly is primarily concerned with the issue of: A) rationality versus irrationality. B) nature versus nurture. C) behavior versus mental processes. D) stability versus change. E) observation versus introspection. 12. Professor Morin wants to discover whether the intelligence of adopted children is more similar to their adoptive parents or to their biological parents. The professor seems to be most directly interested in the issue of: A) observation versus introspection. B) rationality versus irrationality. C) nature versus nurture. D) behavior versus mental processes. 13. Innate ability is to learned skill as ________ is to ________. A) Aristotle; Plato B) nature; nurture C) psychohistory; psycholinguistics D) Pavlov; Wundt 14. Which philosopher most clearly emphasized that human knowledge is heavily dependent upon sensory experience? A) Plato B) Aristotle C) Rene Descartes D) Immanuel Kant Intro - 5 29. Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's irritability toward her results from his unconscious feelings of hostility toward his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is interpreting her husband's behavior from a ________ perspective. A) neuroscience B) behavioral C) psychodynamic D) social-cultural 30. Which perspective most clearly emphasizes the impact of learning on behavior? A) evolutionary B) neuroscience C) behavioral D) psychodynamic E) behavior genetics 31. Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has learned to play the piano because she consistently rewards his efforts to learn with praise and affection. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. A) behavior genetics B) cognitive C) neuroscience D) psychodynamic E) behavioral 32. Heredity is to environment as the evolutionary perspective is to the ________ perspective. A) neuroscience B) behavioral C) cognitive D) psychodynamic 33. The evolutionary and behavioral perspectives are most likely to differ with respect to the issue of: A) nature versus nurture. B) rationality versus irrationality. C) observation versus introspection. D) conscious versus unconscious motivation. 34. The cognitive perspective in psychology emphasizes how: A) feelings are influenced by brain chemistry. B) people try to understand their own unconscious motives. C) behavior is influenced by environmental conditions. D) people encode, process, store, and retrieve information. 35. Which perspective is most concerned with the unique ways in which individuals interpret their own life experiences? A) behavioral B) cognitive C) social-cultural D) neuroscience E) behavior genetics Intro - 6 36. Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning? A) cognitive B) behavioral C) neuroscience D) social-cultural E) behavior genetics 37. Which perspective would emphasize that the differing political and economic systems of the United States and China lead citizens of these two countries to adopt many different customs and attitudes? A) evolutionary B) cognitive C) psychodynamic D) social-cultural E) neuroscience 38. Dr. Wilson attributes the violence of criminal gang members to the norms and role expectations associated with gang membership. Her belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective. A) psychodynamic B) behavior genetics C) social-cultural D) neuroscience E) evolutionary 39. The various theoretical perspectives employed by psychologists: A) have little value for applied research. B) typically contradict common sense. C) are generally impossible to test scientifically. D) often complement one another. 40. Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent? A) social psychology B) clinical psychology C) biological psychology D) industrial/organizational psychology 41. Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist. A) social B) clinical C) developmental D) industrial/organizational 42. Dr. Weaver conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to remember visual images. Dr. Weaver is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. A) cognitive B) biological C) clinical Intro - 7 D) social 43. Dr. Roberts engages in basic research involving the construction and validation of tests designed to assess individual differences in traits such as anxiety and self-esteem. Which specialty area does her research best represent? A) social psychology B) biological psychology C) industrial/organizational psychology D) personality psychology 44. Dr. Mills engages in basic research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent? A) cognitive psychology B) social psychology C) developmental psychology D) clinical psychology 45. Which psychological specialists are most likely to be involved in applied research? A) industrial/organizational psychologists B) developmental psychologists C) personality psychologists D) biological psychologists 46. Dr. Lewis is involved in an applied research study of customer satisfaction with a newly developed line of facial cosmetics and other beauty aids. Dr. Lewis is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. A) clinical B) developmental C) biological D) personality E) industrial/organizational 47. Clinical psychologists are most likely to be involved in: A) assessing the linkages between biology and behavior. B) the experimental study of motivation and emotion. C) providing therapy to troubled people. D) the systematic study of how people are influenced by enduring personality traits. 48. For no apparent reason, Jim has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be most beneficial for Jim to contact a(n) ________ psychologist. A) industrial/organizational B) clinical C) personality D) biological 49. The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n): A) clinical psychologist. B) industrial/organizational psychologist. C) developmental psychologist. D) psychiatrist. Intro - 10 66. Today, psychology is defined as the: A) study of mental life. B) study of conscious and unconscious activity. C) study of behavior. D) science of behavior and mental processes. 67. Who wrote an important 1890 psychology textbook? A) Wilhelm Wundt B) Ivan Pavlov C) Jean Piaget D) William James E) Sigmund Freud 68. Psychology is defined as the "science of behavior and mental processes." Wilhelm Wundt would have omitted which of the following words from this definition? A) science B) behavior and C) and mental processes D) Wundt would have agreed with the definition as stated. 69. Jawan believes that psychologists should go back to using introspection as a research tool. This technique is based upon: A) survey methodology. B) experimentation. C) self-examination of mental processes. D) the study of observable behavior. 70. Sensations, dreams, beliefs, and feelings are: A) examples of behavior. B) examples of subjective experiences. C) not considered appropriate subject matter for psychology today. D) b and c. 71. To say that "psychology is a science" means that: A) psychologists study only observable behaviors. B) psychologists approach the study of thoughts and actions with careful observation and rigorous analysis. C) psychological research should be free of value judgments. D) all of the above are true. 72. Dr. Ramirez is studying whether emotionally reactive infants tend to become emotionally reactive adults. Dr. Ramirez's research illustrates the ________ issue in psychology. A) stability versus change B) rationality versus irrationality C) nature-nurture D) internal-external 73. The philosophical views of John Locke are to those of Rene Descartes as ________ is to ________. A) nature; nurture Intro - 11 B) nurture; nature C) rationality; irrationality D) irrationality; rationality 74. In concluding her report on the "nature-nurture debate in contemporary psychology," Karen notes that: A) most psychologists believe that nature is a more important influence on the development of most human traits. B) most psychologists believe that nurture is more influential. C) the issue is more heatedly debated than ever before. D) nurture works on what nature endows. 75. Which of the following is NOT a major issue in psychology? A) stability versus change B) rationality versus irrationality C) top-down versus bottom-up processing D) nature versus nurture 76. Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior? A) the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behavior B) the issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behavior C) the debate as to the relative importance of heredity and instinct in determining behavior D) the debate as to whether mental processes are a legitimate area of scientific study 77. The seventeenth-century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is: A) Plato. B) Aristotle C) Descartes. D) Locke. 78. Which seventeenth-century philosopher believed that some ideas are innate? A) Aristotle B) Plato C) Descartes D) Locke 79. A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working within the ________ perspective. A) behavioral B) evolutionary C) cognitive D) social-cultural 80. The way the mind processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of the ________ perspective. A) neuroscience B) evolutionary Intro - 12 C) social-cultural D) behavioral E) cognitive 81. Dr. Ernst explains behavior in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working within the ________ perspective. A) behavioral B) evolutionary C) social-cultural D) cognitive 82. Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses? A) behavioral B) social-cultural C) neuroscience D) cognitive 83. A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaged in ________ research. A) applied B) basic C) clinical D) developmental 84. Dr. Waung investigates how a person's interpretation of a situation affects his or her reaction. Evidently, Dr. Waung is working within the ________ perspective. A) neuroscience B) behavioral C) cognitive D) social-cultural 85. The psychological perspective that places the MOST emphasis on how observable responses are learned is the ________ perspective. A) behavioral B) cognitive C) behavior genetics D) evolutionary 86. During a dinner conversation, a friend says that the cognitive and behavioral perspectives are quite similar. You disagree and point out that the cognitive perspective emphasizes ________, whereas the behavioral perspective emphasizes ________. A) conscious processes; observable responses B) unconscious processes; conscious processes C) overt behaviors; covert behaviors D) introspection; experimentation 87. Concerning the major psychological perspectives on behavior, the text author suggests that: A) researchers should work within the framework of only one of the perspectives. B) only those perspectives that emphasize objective measurement of behavior are useful. Intro - 15 8. C 9. D 10. D 11. B 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. D 16. E 17. C 18. B 19. D 20. C 21. B 22. A 23. C 24. D 25. C 26. A 27. A 28. D 29. C 30. C 31. E 32. B 33. A 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. D 38. C 39. D 40. C 41. C 42. A 43. D 44. B 45. A 46. E 47. C 48. B 49. D 50. C 51. D 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. C 57. C 58. A 59. D 60. A 61. B 62. A 63. B Intro - 16 64. A 65. C 66. D 67. D 68. B 69. C 70. B 71. B 72. A 73. B 74. D 75. C 76. A 77. D 78. C 79. D 80. E 81. C 82. A 83. A 84. C 85. A 86. A 87. C 88. C 89. A 90. C 91. C 92. D 93. C 94. A 95. C 96. A 97. C 98. A 99. C 100. D