Term 1: Socioeconomic Status and Health - Definitions and Theories, Quizzes of Public Policy

Download Term 1: Socioeconomic Status and Health - Definitions and Theories and more Quizzes Public Policy in PDF only on Docsity! TERM 1 Socioeconomic status DEFINITION 1 U.S. definition generally includes measures that are primarily economic, including: Family income, Individual or parent education level, Individual or parent professional status. TERM 2 Socioeconomic gradient DEFINITION 2 In developed countries, life expectancy is strongly associated with socioeconomic status with a gradient of increasing longevity from low to high socioeconomic status TERM 3 Social determinants of health DEFINITION 3 Conditions in which people are born, grow up, live, learn, work, play, and worship, as well as the systems put in place to deal with illnesses that affect health and quality of life. Shaped by a wider set of forces, including economics, social policies, and politics.Social status, Social support or alienation, Food, Housing, Education, Work, Stress, Transportation, Place, Access to health services TERM 4 Health disparities DEFINITION 4 Health equity refers to the study of differences in the quality of health and healthcare across different populations. TERM 5 Mental health DEFINITION 5 A state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in: Productive activities Fulfilling relationships The ability to change and cope with challenges TERM 6 Health Belief Model DEFINITION 6 An Intrapersonal model focusing on individual perceptions and thought processes One of the original health behavior theories of health behavior; among the most recognized todayBased on the premise that people are more likely to take action if they believe:They are susceptible to the condition and it has serious consequencesTaking action would benefit them They have the ability to successfully perform the action TERM 7 Stages of Change Model DEFINITION 7 An Intrapersonal model Based on premise that people go through incremental stages when changing behavior (rather than making a single significant change)Five stages of change:Precontemplation individual has not yet considered changeContemplation individual considers benefits & barriers of changePreparation developing a plan of actionAction the change takes place Maintenance change becomes permanent TERM 8 Theory of Planned Behavior DEFINITION 8 An Intrapersonal model Based on premise that Intention is the main predictor of behavior, where intention is influenced by: Attitude toward performing a behavior Beliefs about whether others approve or disapprove of the behavior Beliefs about control over performing the behavior TERM 9 Social Cognitive Theory DEFINITION 9 An Interpersonal model Interaction between individuals and their social systems Based on premise that changing behavior requires an understanding of: Individual characteristics Influences in the social and physical environment Interaction among all of these factors (reciprocal determinism) Reciprocal determinism- dynamic interplay among personal factors, the environment, and behavior. TERM 10 Diffusion of Innovation Theory DEFINITION 10 A population and community level model Based on how a new idea, product, or social practice is disseminated and adopted in a population. Theoretical constructs:The innovation,Time required to construct innovation,Communication channels to transmit innovation,Social system in which diffusion (dissemination) takes place.Diffusion and adoption (or rejection) are affected by attributes of the innovation.Early adopters,Early majority adopters,Late adopters TERM 21 What is the fundamental document that governs the issues of health and healthcare law? DEFINITION 21 Principles of the Ethical Practice of Public Health a set of 12 general guidelines for public health practitioners; developed by the PHLS TERM 22 Noncommunicable disease DEFINITION 22 Noncommunicable disease (aka chronic disease) diseases that cannot be transmitted between humans. Usually of long duration and slow progression.Represent the majority of causes of death and disability in most developed countries Chronic disabilities, largely due to noncommunicable diseases, are the most rapidly growing component of morbidity in most developing and developed countries TERM 23 Epidemiological transition and noncommunicable disease DEFINITION 23 As socioeconomic development occurs, different types of diseases become more prominent As socioeconomic development occurs, noncommunicable diseases predominate as the causes of disability and death. TERM 24 Sensitivity DEFINITION 24 the ability to correctly identify individuals who have a specific disease. =A/(A+C) TERM 25 Specificity DEFINITION 25 the ability to correctly identify individuals who dont have a specific disease = D/(B+D) TERM 26 Multiple risk factor reduction DEFINITION 26 a strategy to intervene simultaneously on a series of risk factors, all of which contribute to a particular outcome Most effective when there are groups of risk factors that cluster in definable groups of people. Multiple risk factor reduction works best when a number of risk factors are at work in the same individual. TERM 27 Cost-effectiveness DEFINITION 27 a measure of the cost of an intervention relative to its benefit TERM 28 Net effectiveness DEFINITION 28 a measure of the benefits minus the harms of an intervention. TERM 29 What are the four criteria for a successful screening program? DEFINITION 29 1. The disease produces substantial mortality or morbidity 2. Early detection is possible and improves outcome 3. There is a feasible testing strategy for screening 4. Screening is acceptable in terms of harms, costs, and patient acceptance TERM 30 Communicable disease DEFINITION 30 diseases that can be transmitted to humans from other persons, animals, or the physical environment TERM 31 Infectious disease DEFINITION 31 a disease caused by an organism such as bacteria or a virus TERM 32 Outbreak DEFINITION 32 a localized increase in the cases of a condition above the norm. TERM 33 Epidemic DEFINITION 33 a disease with increased frequency far above its usual rates (threshold depends on disease) TERM 34 Pandemic DEFINITION 34 a worldwide (or at least crossing some international boundaries) epidemic TERM 35 Immunization DEFINITION 35 the strengthening of the immune system to prevent or control disease