Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1)., Exams of Biology

Download Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Intro To World Religions Review Guide Hinduism: 1. 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. A column of light, a pillar ofice, or a phallic-shaped stone can all be examples of what Hindu sacred object? Lingam In 1992, Hindu mobs destroyed a 450-year-old mosque in northern India. Thousands were killed in the ensuing violence. What larger pattern in Hinduism was this event telated to? The emergence of Hindu nationalism as a religious force Why was Swami Vivekananda ideally suited to represent Hinduism at the 1893 World’s Parliament of Religions in Chicago? Vivekananda emphasized that Hinduism was reasonable and compatible with modern science The view that only those who view India as both fatherland and holy land are true citizens of India is consistent with the ideas of which of the following? Hindutva From 1959 through the 1980s, a number of Hindu leaders gained notoriety in the United States as gurus (spiritual teachers). Who of the following were gurus active in America during this period? A.C Bhaktivedanta, Maharishi Yogi, Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh According to classical Hinduism, which of the following are among the four aims of life? Kama, moksha, dharma, artha Which text is most important for the emergence of bhakti (devotional) Hinduism? The Bhagavad Gita Ganesha is often depicted near doorways and thresholds and is known as the remover of obstacles. Devraj keeps a small shrine in his home. With his family, he lights a lamp and makes offerings of fruit, flowers, or even water to small statues of Hindu gods. What Hindu tradition are Devraj and his family participating in? Puja Hinduism is an ancient religion and its focus has shifted over time. Arrange the ideas about what is “important” about Hinduism in chronological order from most ancient to most modern. Fire sacrifice and ritual, seeking wisdom to overcome samsara, connecting with a god through devotion, nation of india and being patriotic Hindus have been content to think of theirs as a religion of people rather than the religion of all people. For that reason, it has typically been classified as a[n] Ethnic religion (like Judaism and Navajo religion) rather than a Missionary religion. The Vedas have been found written on stone tablets dating back to 1500 BCE. False Om is a powerful mantra employed at the beginning and ending of many Hindu ceremomes and rituals. It is also written with honey on newborn’s lips or tongue during a birth ceremony. Select positions on Hindu beliefs and practices endorsed by Ram Mohan Roy and the Brahmo Samaj. Every option but “Religion is ultimately based on faith, not reason” Kam is a Hindu whose spiritual path involves renouncing the world. Karn has quit his job and lives as a sannyasin so that he can focus entirely on attaining moksha. He studies the 16. 17. 18. 19. 20 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Upanishads and hopes to escape samsara by fully realizing that atman is one with brahman. Which path does Karn most likely practice? Jnana Since its founding in or before 800 BCE, Varanasi has been independently governed by Hindus and even today its sacred spaces and places of worship are exclusively Hindu. False The Indus Valley civilization vanished by 1500 BCE. The so-called “Aryan invasion thesis” theorizes that Northern Europeans invaded northern India from the west, destroying the Indus Valley civilization, and that traces of Aryan culture survive in modern Hinduism. Which of the following are objections, nuances, or variations to the Aryan invasion thesis? All options except “There is no evidence of contact between Europeans and ancient civilizations” Order the events below from furthest in the past to the most recent. The Indus Valley, The Rig Veda, The early upanishads, The Bhagavad Gita Pia is a Hindu who believes her tradition calls her to ethical and political engagement. She is inspired by Gandhi and she reads the Bhagavad Gita regularly. She interprets the yogic idea of acting without desire for results as a commandment to act through nonviolence. Which path does Pia most likely practice? Karma . Which of the following were positions on Hindu beliefs and practices endorsed by Dayanand Sarasvati and the Arya Samaj? All except “All religions are actually one” While visiting family in India, Madhuri has planned a trip to see a famous statue of one of her favorite gods. For Madhuni, this is more than tourism: looking into the eyes of the statue is an intimate connection with a god. What Hindu tradition is Madhuri participating in? Darshan What type of event is depicted in this pic (people in water holding candles)? Cremation For most Hindus, the ultimate problem is Samsara and the ultimate goal is moksha. Mohandas Gandhi’s philosophy of ethics and nonviolence drew from multiple religious influences, including the Jain concept of Bhagavad Gita, daily readings of the ahimsa, and even the Christian gospels. In Vedanta philosophy brahman refers to the divine principle and atman refers to the individual self-soul that migrates from life to life. Advaita Vedanta teaches that these two are actually one and the same, while Dvaita Vedanta teaches that they are distinct. Which of the following Hindu texts is the most ancient? The Vedas Amas is a Hindu whose spiritual path involves awakening shakti energy in the base of his spine and directing it through invisible energy centers in his body known as chakras to the top of his skull. Amas talks a lot about overcoming duality, including the duality of male and female, in order to realize his unity with the divine. What tradition does Amas most likely practice? Tantra Which of the following elements is most central to the hymns and rituals described in the Vedas? Fire sacrifice Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra are all names of Hindu castes 10. ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. If your friend Katherine is visualizing a mandala as part of her Buddhist meditation practice, she probably practices which form of Buddhism? Tibetan Buddhism Like early and Theravada Buddhists, Mahayana Buddhists say that only monks and nuns can achieve enlightenment. False While meditating under the Bodhi tree, Siddhartha Gautama was tempted by Mara to give up his meditation. Persisting, he achieved enlightenment and earned the title of Buddha. Which of the following is an example of Engaged Buddhism? Monks in Thailand protesting deforestation. Pilgrimage is a relatively recent phenomena in the Buddhist tradition, reflecting increasing access to both cars and air travel in the Buddhist world. False There has only been one Buddha in human history. False The bodhisattva depicted here in this elaborate statue from the Song dynasty has been called by many different names. Which of the following is one of this bodhisattva’s names? Guanyin, Kannon, Avalokiteshvara After his enlightenment on the Diamond Throne in Bodh Gaya, Siddhartha Gautama supposedly travelled to Sarnath, where he gave his first sermon and gained his first disciples. Which of the following is a trait or doctrinal concept that Buddhism shares with Hinduism? All except “Both Buddhism and Hinduism offer nirvana” Which of the following represents an innovation Mahayana Buddhism brought to mainstream Buddhism? All except “Building on Indian ideas of Bhakti devotionalism prevalent at the time, Mahayana Buddhism argued that the Buddha was an incarnation of the God Vishnu and that salvation arose only through complete faith in him” In Myanmar, ultranationalist Buddhist monks have encouraged mob violence toward an ethnic minority called the Rohingya, who are Muslim. Which of the following conclusions should scholars of religious studies draw from the fact that Buddhists engage in mob violence? It is simply not the case that Buddhism is a religion of peace. Tenzin is a Buddhist monk. He has great respect for his teacher, whom he believes is a teincarnated tulku that has taught monks of his lineage for many lifetimes. Tenzin also believes there are secret teachings that can only be transmitted directly by his teacher. Tenzin MOST LIKELY practices Vajrayana Buddhism. Ina famous story in the Lotus Sutra, the Buddha is likened to a father standing outside a burning house with his children inside. Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the moral of this story? The Buddha used skillful means to convince people there are many forms of Buddhism when in reality there is only one. In mainstream Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism today, a(n) arhat is an individual who achieves enlightenment and ceases participating in the cycle of reincarnation. 23. 24. 25 26 27. 28. 29 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. Place these events in the correct chronological order. Reign of Ashoka, Buddhist monks take Buddhism to China, Composition of the Mahayana Buddhist Lotus Sutra, Buddhism is adopted in Japan. Click on Siddhartha Gautama in this painting of the Four Sights. Click on the crown laying atop the man on the carriage. . Which of the following statements BEST characterizes the earliest European understandings of Buddhism? Roman Catholic missionaries to Asia were the first to identify and describe local people practicing a religion we identify today as Buddhism. . Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes the Buddhist concept of the five skandhas? What we normally think of as a “self” is actually a composition of matter, feeling, perceptions, consciousness, and conditioning factors. Which of the following features likely MOST helped Mahayana Buddhism to become more popular than mainstream Buddhism? Emphasized other-help over self-effort in the form of devotion to numerous Buddhas and bodhisattvas. While all Buddhists work to eradicate suffering, or dukkha, the exemplar of one who has successfully eradicated suffering morphs between branches of Buddhism, with mainstream Buddhists working to become an enlightened arhat, while Mahayana Buddhists endeavor to become a compassionate bodhisattva. . On what festival do Buddhists often perform the ritual of bathing the Buddha, shown here. Vesak or Wesak. Buddhism was one of many new religious movements that developed in India around the fifth century BCE. What did all these new religious movements share? A critique of the priestly authority of the Brahmin caste. A Buddhist sutra or sacred text always begins with the phrase “Thus have I heard,” teflecting its origins as the remembered oral teachings of the Buddha. Such texts eventually coalesced into the “Three Baskets” of Buddhist teachings: the sutta basket of doctrinal discourse, the vinaya basket of monastic discipline, and the abhidhamma basket of higher teachings or philosophical thought. According to early Buddhism, who is capable of becoming an enlightened arhat? Only Buddhist monks or nuns. Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes the Mahayana Buddhist idea of upaya? The Buddha said contradictory things at different times because he understood that people need to hear different things. Match the characteristics below to either mainstream Buddhism or Mahayana Buddhism. Mainstream Buddhism: earlier school, one Buddha, arhat exemplar, self-effort, anatta, popular in South and Southeast Asia. One popular Mahayana school took its name from the word “meditation,” which is dhyana in Sanskrit, Chan in Chinese, and Zen in Japanese. 36. 37. 38 39. 40. Arrange the following countries in order from largest total population of Buddhists to smallest. China, Japan, Thailand, India, US Kokoro is a Buddhist. Her practice consists of chanting the name of Amida Buddha. By doing this, Kokoro believes Amida will use his abilities so that in her next life she will be teborn in his Buddha field. Kokoro MOST LIKELY practices Pure Land Buddhism. . Which of the following texts has been proclaimed by some Mahayana Buddhists as the only Buddhist scripture that leads to Buddhahood? The Lotus Sutra. Many people define “religion” as what people believe about God. Buddhism presents a challenge to this definition. Which of the following represents the BEST response to the challenge Buddhism raises to our understanding of what “religion” is? We should broaden our view of religion and consider that religions can exist without a divine figure. Which of the following is an example of a textual encounter with Buddhism? An American college student reading a translation of the Lotus Sutra. Judaism: 1. 2. Which of the following are names Jews use for God? Elohim, Hashem, Adonai Baruch is Jew living in contemporary America. When his brother wanted to marry a Christian, Baruch tried to talk him out of it. Men and women are segregated in Baruch’s shul (place of worship), which affirms the teachings of Maimonides along with the complete Written and Oral Torah. Baruch MOST LIKELY practices Orthodox Judaism. Why are Jews known for having many divergent opinions about religious matters instead of forming a consensus? Select all that apply. All except “Judaism lacks a shared tradition of laws and stories”. Who said, “That which is hateful to you, do not do to another: This is the whole Torah. The rest is commentary. Now go study.” Rabbi Hillel Which of the following words might a Jewish person use to refer to the Hebrew Bible? The Tanakh In Jewish tradition, how many commandments are there? 613 Why was the heart of the First Temple empty? Because of a commandment forbidding graven images. Edna is a Jew living in contemporary Miami. She keeps kosher. She believes the Torah is divinely inspired but probably wasn’t really written by Moses. She believes it’s important to attend services at the synagogue on the Sabbath, but does not think it’s a problem to drive a car there. Edna MOST LIKELY practices ConservativeJudaism. Arrange the following events in chronological order, starting with the oldest. Babylonians conquer the southern kingdom of Judah, The second temple is dedicated and Second Temple Judaism begins, After defeating the Persian Empire, ll. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21 22. 23. 24. 25. At Sophia’s church there are no pews and the congregation stands through the entire service. Sophia loves singing the Divine Liturgy, the incense, and the beautiful icons on the walls. Sophia is MOST LIKELY Eastern Orthodox. Pius IX convened the First Vatican Council of 1869-1870, which pronounced papal infallibility to be “a divinely revealed dogma.” Papal infallibility is the belief that everything a pope says is true. False. Which statement BEST characterizes the attitude of medieval Catholic officials toward mnystics like Theresa of Avila and Julian of Norwich (pictured here)? Church authorities were wary that mystics were mistaking their own ideas for encounters with God, but that they ultimately complimented the dry logic of medieval theologians. Walter Rauschenbusch (1861-1918) ministered to poor people in Manhattan’s Hell’s Kitchen neighborhood as part of the Social Gospel movement. William is a college student who disagrees with both his atheist and his evangelical friends. He does not believe the Bible story that God created everything in six days. But he also does not believe that the universe could have come from nowhere. William feels there must have been some sort of creator behind it. William could BEST be described as a Deist. Click the areas on the map where Christianity is currently growing. Africa, Asia, South America . Which of the following statements about the Reformation is accurate? Martin Luther introduced a radical idea of Christian Liberty by questioning the hierarchy of clergy According to Christian tradition, Jesus expected his Jewish followers both to observe the law and to internalize it. Watch the video below. Based on what you have learned in the chapter, what type of Chistian service is depicted here (man holding three candles)? Eastern Orthodox Currently, Christianity is declining in Europe and stagnating in North America. However, it is growing rapidly in continents of the Global South, such as Africa. . Aimee Semple McPherson achieved celebrity status as a(n) Pentecostal evangelist. She pioneered radio evangelism and ultimately founded her own denomination. Which statement BEST describes the Eastern Orthodox understanding of original sin? Unnatural separation from God that can be overcome through mystical union with the divine. Some churches practice Lent, a period of forty days of prayer and asceticism that precedes the holiday of Easter. The Great Schism formalized the split between the Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East, while the Reformation formalized the split between the Catholic Church and Protestantism. Which of the following are included in the five points of Calvinism that were articulated in the Synod of Dort? Limited atonement, perseverance of the saints, unconditional election, irresistible grace, total depravity. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30 31. 32. 33. 34. 35 36. 37. Prudence is a Christian whose beliefs include unconditional election and the idea that human beings exist in a condition of “total depravity.” Prudence regards Catholic traditions as an abomination and spends a lot more time reading the Old Testament than the New Testament. Prudence is MOST LIKELY a Puritan. Sarah is a Christian college student. She is frustrated that her course on Christian history spends so much time discussing different doctrines, rituals, schisms, and theological debates. For Sarah, Christianity is really about having a personal relationship with Jesus. Instead of arguing about theology, Christians should be doing activism and missionary work. Sarah is MOST LIKELY a(n) evangelical. The Ninety-Five Theses written by Martin Luther condemned the Catholic Church, especially papal authority, and called for the establishment of a separate church with power shifted from religious professionals to the laypeople. False. Which of the following are a factor in the global success of Pentecostalism? Adapt new languages and cultures, refuse to restrict its reach to one day a week or the privacy of being in one's home, effort in improving their churches, egalitarian - offering the gifts to the holy spirit regardless of your makeup/background, emphasizes supernatural experiences. . Which of the following statements reflect MOST Christians’ understanding of sin? Those ina state of sin are barred from heaven, God made salvation from sin possible by sending Jesus Christ down on Earth, sin is passed down from Adam and Eve. Match each text with the language it was originally written in. Vulgate-Latin, Old Testament-Hebrew, New Testament-Greek, The Ninety Five Theses-German. The Garden Tomb was unearthed in 1867 and purchased in 1894 by British Protestants as a place to remember and retell their Jesus story. Which statement BEST characterizes American Christian attitudes toward slavery prior to the Civil War? American Christians were strongly divided on the question of slavery. Alan believes he has been baptized with the Holy Spirit. At his church, people speak in tongues and practice healing the sick just as the apostles did in the Bible. Alan is MOST LIKELY a(n) Pentecostal. . Which of the following is a characteristic common to Christianity in the Global South? Emphasis on supernatural and miracles, experimental dimension of religion over its ethical dimension, skill at entrepreneurialism and innovation. Sarah belongs to the most persecuted religious group in American history. Her church was founded by someone who was “exceedingly distressed” by the array of competing denominations in America. Sarah is MOST LIKELY a(n) Mormon. Which of the following are the four distinguishing marks of evangelical Christianity, according to historian David Bebbington? The doctrine of Jesus’s atoning death on the cross (crucicentrism), the conversion experience (conversionism), the missionary and evangelistic effort (activism), the divine inspiration of the Bible (biblicism). 38 39. 40. Al. 42. 43. Islam: . Which of the following are included among the seven sacraments? Eucharist, penance, matrimony, confirmation, last rites or anointing of the sick. Which religion believes in a form of “soft monotheism?” Christianity. In addition to Jesus, Christianity had two other “founders.” These were Paul and then later Constantine. Arrange these events from Christian history in the correct order from the furthest in the past to the most recent. Paul writes his first letter, Romans destroy the Temple in Jerusalem, Gospel of Matthew is written, Roman Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity, The council of Nicaea drafts the Nicene Creed. Henry VIII founded his own church, which led to Christians known as Anglicans, who are known as Episcopalians in the United States. Rachel is a Christian who loves doing Bible study at her church. Her church has no fancy decorations or art and prides itself on not having rituals or traditions that are not based in the Bible. Rachel is MOST LIKELY a(n) Methodist. Click on the map where the Kaaba is located. Mecca Of the four Sunni legal schools, the ____Hanbali___ School takes the most conservative approach to reading the Quran and hadith, in the sense that it prefers literalism and generally rejects analogical reasoning. It is prominent today in Saudi Arabia, where it influenced the __ Wahhabi__ religious movement. In 2008 the holy month of Ramadan began on September 1. In 2020 it began on April 23. Why does it begin on a different day from year to year? Because Islam follows a lunar cycle and not a solar cycle When participating in the hajj, which of the following actions are performed by Muslims as they enter into the sacred state of ihnram? Actions performed, Cut nails, comb hair, announce intention to perform the hajj and ask god to accept it, put on white cotton clothing (men only) Some Muslims believe that Ali was actually an incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. True Which of the following statements is true about the custom of Muslim women wearing hijab? Veiling varies considerably from a person to person and society to society Here a Muslim muezzin sings out the call to prayer from a Baghdad mosque, reminding devout Muslims to pray. In a predominantly Sunni Muslim country, how many times per day would one hear the call to prayer? 5 Identify the following actions as being performed or not performed on the hajj pilgrimage. Throwing stones at Satan in Mina, Running between two hills seven 7. The founder of the Way of the Celestial Masters, _ Zhang Daoling___ is said to have teceived a vision of Laozi in his divine form as _ Lord Lao__ at Crane Call Mountain. 8. Traditionally attributed to Laozi__, the Daodejing is one of the world’s most frequently translated books. 9. In this 1966 wood engraving by Fritz Eichenberg retelling one of the most famous and foundational Daoist stories, what Daoist luminary is depicted? Laozi recording the Daodejing before before departing China forever 10. Identify each item that is an attribute of the Dao. The universe and all things within it emerge out of the Dao, The Dao exists in all things and its patterns can be revealed by closely paying attention to the world around us, The Dao ultimately transcends any and all individual things, The Dao is formless, ineffable, and beyond definition 11. In examining Daoism in America, scholar Thomas Tweed distinguishes between “adherents” and “sympathizers.” Organize the activities below into those more likely to be practiced by what scholars might call American adherents of Daoism and those practiced by what a scholar might call American sympathizers of Daoism. practice tai chi in the park on Sunday mornings with a local community exercise group, read the Daodejing to gain guidance on how to be a better manager, attend a one-day workshop on Chinese medicine for general wellness 12. What role does jing play in contemporary forms of internal alchemy? Jing is the fixed storehouse of vital essence in which everyone is born and which must be preserved and then refined into increasingly ethereal energies in order to attain the Dao 13. Identify characteristics of the two main branches of Daoism in China today, Orthodox Unity (Zhengyi) and Complete Perfection (Quanzhen). emphasizes ritual, a tradition of householders with married priests, authority passes down within the family, successor to the Celestial Masters tradition 14. your roommate has decided that he wants to learn about the life stories of major world teligions’ founders, so he goes to the library and checks out the most recent translation of the Daodejing so that he can study the life of Laozi to understand his miraculous birth, his celebrated bureaucratic career, and his eventual journey over the mountains on an ox to leave China. Which statement below BEST explains the problem with your toommate’s plan? The Daodejing does not follow a narrative format and does not include a biography of Laozi 15. Which of the following statements does NOT reflect a legitimate reason as to why the origins of Daoism are hard to pinpoint? Due to early persecution, Daoist masters were forced to disguise their religion as a form of buddhism, making it difficult to ascertain what was intended by the early authors 16. What event in 1949 disrupted the Daoist movement and inspired many Daoists to move to Taiwan, ultimately leading to the 63rd Celestial Master establishing the headquarters of the Orthodox Unity Daoist movement in Taipei? The rice of power of the antireligious communist party of China 17. Which of the following statements BEST represents the relationship between external alchemy (waidan) and internal alchemy (neidan)? Internal alchemy represents an internalization of what were previously external alchemical processes, where the external elixir was produced inside the alchemist’ s body 18. Identify each Daoist meditation practice below that is conducted by individuals today. visualizing the deities residing within their own bodies’ organs, which reflect and mirror the functioning of the larger cosmos, inner observation, in which one focuses attention on their breath or on the movement of qi through one’s organs, “quiet sitting,” in which the practitioner empties their heart-mind of day-to-day thoughts and feelings in order to attain mystical union with the Dao Navajo: 1. w In Navajo Nation v. U.S. Forest Service, why did Larry Foster describe Diné medicine bundles as “our Bible?” Historically Native Americans have been able to gain rights rights by comparing their religion to Christianlity Which of the following are sacred mountains in Diné religion? Mount Taylor, New Mexico, San Francisco Peaks, Arizona, Hesperus Peak, Colorado, Blanca Peak, Colorado What are the two Diné men in this photo doing? Code talkers for U.S Marines Which of the following were arguments that spraying treated sewer water onto the San Francisco Peaks places a burden on Diné religion? This action is psychologically damaging to the Diné because the mountain is sacred, Diné will no longer be able to conduct their religious ceremonies, which require gathering resources from the mountain that have never been touched by human hands A Diné woman undergoes a ceremony that lasts all night during which the story of Changing Woman is told. The purpose of the ceremony is to prevent illness and misfortune and to promote long life. This ceremony was MOST LIKELY a(n) Blessingway Which of the following statements BEST characterizes the approach of the Franciscan missionaries who arrived in the Southwest in the seventeenth century? They employed a strategy of confrontation and exclusion, demanding that converts turn their backs on their native cultures, languages, and kinship groups Which of the following factors contributed to the Diné adopting Peyotism? Peyote hasa reputation for healing, Peyote rituals promote social solidary and a sense of access to the divine, Peyote was viewed as ancient and local rather than modern and imported, Peyotism encouraged abstaining from gambling, lying, drinking, and infidelity, Peyotists are open to multiple religious affiliations 8. A Diné medicine man travels for years to gather soil from each of the four sacred mountains. For what purpose is he MOST LIKELY gathering this soil? To create a medicine bundle 9. What event does this painting by Hopi artists depict? The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 10. What is a person seeking healing in a Navajo ceremony typically called? The One-Sung-Over 11. According to Michael McNally, how might it harm the Diné to put reclaimed snow on the San Francisco Peaks? Defiling the mountain disorients the Diné from their sacred space, disrupting prayer and daily life 12. Because the term __Navajo__ originated with Spanish settler-colonialists, who derived it from Tewa-speaking Pueblo peoples, members of the Navajo Nation are increasingly teferring to themselves in public as__ Diné__ 13. Why does this textbook discuss only the religion of the Diné instead of all Native American religions? Native American religions are to distinct to to collapse into a single chapter 14. Which of the following was a consequence of Oregon v. Smith? Congress passed the religious freedom restoration act (RFRA) 15. According to the Navajo way, the central problem of human life is _ Hocho__ and the solution is to revert to__Hozho__ by restoring the individual and the community to beauty, harmony, and balance. 16. The San Francisco Peaks are a holy place to the Diné. Therefore, they visit the peaks as often as possible. False 17. Which of the following BEST describes traditional Diné mourning practices? Precautions must be taken to ritually protect the living from the dead 18. Federal judges ruled that it did not burden the religious freedom of the Diné to spray snow made from treated sewer water onto the San Francisco Peaks. What is one reason why the judges struggled to understand the religious claims of the Diné? The Diné religion is closely tied to the physical places, but judges typically think about religion in terms of churches and scriptures 19. What is the name of this traditional Diné home where ceremonies are performed? Hogan 20. Which of the following factors have helped Pentecostal missionaries gain Navajo converts? Pentecostal churches have Navajo pastors who speak both English and Navajo, Pentecostal ideas about the Holy Spirit share similarities with Navajo belief in Holy Wind, Pentecostal services emphasize healing, much like traditional Navajo rituals 21. Which tradition MOST often uses peyote? The Native American Church 22. Navajo sand paintings display elements such as swirling snakes, rotating logs, streaming head plumes, and whirling rainbows. According to Native American artist Trudy Griffin-Pierce, what theme do these elements suggest about Diné life and thought? The idea that everything is moving and in flux