Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1)., Exams of Religion

Download Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). and more Exams Religion in PDF only on Docsity! Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). Intro To World Religions Review Guide Hinduism: 1. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. A column of light, a pillar of ice, or a phallic-shaped stone can all be examples of what Hindu sacred object? Lingam In 1992, Hindu mobs destroyed a 450-year-old mosque in northern India. Thousands were killed in the ensuing violence. What larger pattern in Hinduism was this event related to? The emergence of Hindu nationalism as a religious force Why was Swami Vivekananda ideally suited to represent Hinduism at the 1893 World’s Parliament of Religions in Chicago? Vivekananda emphasized that Hinduism was reasonable and compatible with modern science The view that only those who view India as both fatherland and holy land are true citizens of India is consistent with the ideas of which of the following? Hindutva From 1959 through the 1980s, a number of Hindu leaders gained notoriety in the United States as gurus (spiritual teachers). Who of the following were gurus active in America during this period? A.C Bhaktivedanta, Maharishi Yogi, Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh According to classical Hinduism, which of the following are among the four aims of life? Kama, moksha, dharma, artha Which text is most important for the emergence of bhakti (devotional) Hinduism? The Bhagavad Gita Ganesha is often depicted near doorways and thresholds and is known as the remover of obstacles. Devraj keeps a small shrine in his home. With his family, he lights a lamp and makes offerings of fruit, flowers, or even water to small statues of Hindu gods. What Hindu tradition are Devraj and his family participating in? Puja Hinduism is an ancient religion and its focus has shifted over time. Arrange the ideas about what is “important” about Hinduism in chronological order from most ancient to most modern. Fire sacrifice and ritual, seeking wisdom to overcome samsara, connecting with a god through devotion, nation of india and being patriotic Hindus have been content to think of theirs as a religion of people rather than the religion of all people. For that reason, it has typically been classified as a[n] Ethnic religion (like Judaism and Navajo religion) rather than a Missionary religion. The Vedas have been found written on stone tablets dating back to 1500 BCE. False Om is a powerful mantra employed at the beginning and ending of many Hindu ceremonies and rituals. It is also written with honey on newborn’s lips or tongue during a birth ceremony. Select positions on Hindu beliefs and practices endorsed by Ram Mohan Roy and the Brahmo Samaj. Every option but “Religion is ultimately based on faith, not reason” Karn is a Hindu whose spiritual path involves renouncing the world. Karn has quit his job and lives as a sannyasin so that he can focus entirely on attaining moksha. He studies the Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Upanishads and hopes to escape samsara by fully realizing that atman is one with brahman. Which path does Karn most likely practice? Jnana Since its founding in or before 800 BCE, Varanasi has been independently governed by Hindus and even today its sacred spaces and places of worship are exclusively Hindu. False The Indus Valley civilization vanished by 1500 BCE. The so-called “Aryan invasion thesis” theorizes that Northern Europeans invaded northern India from the west, destroying the Indus Valley civilization, and that traces of Aryan culture survive in modern Hinduism. Which of the following are objections, nuances, or variations to the Aryan invasion thesis? All options except “There is no evidence of contact between Europeans and ancient civilizations” Order the events below from furthest in the past to the most recent. The Indus Valley, The Rig Veda, The early upanishads, The Bhagavad Gita Pia is a Hindu who believes her tradition calls her to ethical and political engagement. She is inspired by Gandhi and she reads the Bhagavad Gita regularly. She interprets the yogic idea of acting without desire for results as a commandment to act through nonviolence. Which path does Pia most likely practice? Karma Which of the following were positions on Hindu beliefs and practices endorsed by Dayanand Sarasvati and the Arya Samaj? All except “All religions are actually one” While visiting family in India, Madhuri has planned a trip to see a famous statue of one of her favorite gods. For Madhuri, this is more than tourism: looking into the eyes of the statue is an intimate connection with a god. What Hindu tradition is Madhuri participating in? Darshan What type of event is depicted in this pic (people in water holding candles)? Cremation For most Hindus, the ultimate problem is Samsara and the ultimate goal is moksha. Mohandas Gandhi’s philosophy of ethics and nonviolence drew from multiple religious influences, including the Jain concept of Bhagavad Gita, daily readings of the ahimsa, and even the Christian gospels. In Vedanta philosophy brahman refers to the divine principle and atman refers to the individual self-soul that migrates from life to life. Advaita Vedanta teaches that these two are actually one and the same, while Dvaita Vedanta teaches that they are distinct. Which of the following Hindu texts is the most ancient? The Vedas Amas is a Hindu whose spiritual path involves awakening shakti energy in the base of his spine and directing it through invisible energy centers in his body known as chakras to the top of his skull. Amas talks a lot about overcoming duality, including the duality of male and female, in order to realize his unity with the divine. What tradition does Amas most likely practice? Tantra Which of the following elements is most central to the hymns and rituals described in the Vedas? Fire sacrifice Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra are all names of Hindu castes Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. If your friend Katherine is visualizing a mandala as part of her Buddhist meditation practice, she probably practices which form of Buddhism? Tibetan Buddhism Like early and Theravada Buddhists, Mahayana Buddhists say that only monks and nuns can achieve enlightenment. False While meditating under the Bodhi tree, Siddhartha Gautama was tempted by Mara to give up his meditation. Persisting, he achieved enlightenment and earned the title of Buddha. Which of the following is an example of Engaged Buddhism? Monks in Thailand protesting deforestation. Pilgrimage is a relatively recent phenomena in the Buddhist tradition, reflecting increasing access to both cars and air travel in the Buddhist world. False There has only been one Buddha in human history. False The bodhisattva depicted here in this elaborate statue from the Song dynasty has been called by many different names. Which of the following is one of this bodhisattva’s names? Guanyin, Kannon, Avalokiteshvara After his enlightenment on the Diamond Throne in Bodh Gaya, Siddhartha Gautama supposedly travelled to Sarnath, where he gave his first sermon and gained his first disciples. Which of the following is a trait or doctrinal concept that Buddhism shares with Hinduism? All except “Both Buddhism and Hinduism offer nirvana” Which of the following represents an innovation Mahayana Buddhism brought to mainstream Buddhism? All except “Building on Indian ideas of Bhakti devotionalism prevalent at the time, Mahayana Buddhism argued that the Buddha was an incarnation of the God Vishnu and that salvation arose only through complete faith in him” In Myanmar, ultranationalist Buddhist monks have encouraged mob violence toward an ethnic minority called the Rohingya, who are Muslim. Which of the following conclusions should scholars of religious studies draw from the fact that Buddhists engage in mob violence? It is simply not the case that Buddhism is a religion of peace. Tenzin is a Buddhist monk. He has great respect for his teacher, whom he believes is a reincarnated tulku that has taught monks of his lineage for many lifetimes. Tenzin also believes there are secret teachings that can only be transmitted directly by his teacher. Tenzin MOST LIKELY practices Vajrayana Buddhism. Ina famous story in the Lotus Sutra, the Buddha is likened to a father standing outside a burning house with his children inside. Which of the following statements BEST summarizes the moral of this story? The Buddha used skillful means to convince people there are many forms of Buddhism when in reality there is only one. In mainstream Buddhism and Theravada Buddhism today, a(n) arhat is an individual who achieves enlightenment and ceases participating in the cycle of reincarnation. Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). 23. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 35. Place these events in the correct chronological order. Reign of Ashoka, Buddhist monks take Buddhism to China, Composition of the Mahayana Buddhist Lotus Sutra, Buddhism is adopted in Japan. . Click on Siddhartha Gautama in this painting of the Four Sights. Click on the crown laying atop the man on the carriage. Which of the following statements BEST characterizes the earliest European understandings of Buddhism? Roman Catholic missionaries to Asia were the first to identify and describe local people practicing a religion we identify today as Buddhism. Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes the Buddhist concept of the five skandhas? What we normally think of as a “self” is actually a composition of matter, feeling, perceptions, consciousness, and conditioning factors. Which of the following features likely MOST helped Mahayana Buddhism to become more popular than mainstream Buddhism? Emphasized other-help over self-effort in the form of devotion to numerous Buddhas and bodhisattvas. While all Buddhists work to eradicate suffering, or dukkha, the exemplar of one who has successfully eradicated suffering morphs between branches of Buddhism, with mainstream Buddhists working to become an enlightened arhat, while Mahayana Buddhists endeavor to become a compassionate bodhisattva. On what festival do Buddhists often perform the ritual of bathing the Buddha, shown here. Vesak or Wesak. Buddhism was one of many new religious movements that developed in India around the fifth century BCE. What did all these new religious movements share? A critique of the priestly authority of the Brahmin caste. A Buddhist sutra or sacred text always begins with the phrase “Thus have I heard,” reflecting its origins as the remembered oral teachings of the Buddha. Such texts eventually coalesced into the “Three Baskets” of Buddhist teachings: the sutta basket of doctrinal discourse, the vinaya basket of monastic discipline, and the abhidhamma basket of higher teachings or philosophical thought. According to early Buddhism, who is capable of becoming an enlightened arhat? Only Buddhist monks or nuns. Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes the Mahayana Buddhist idea of upaya? The Buddha said contradictory things at different times because he understood that people need to hear different things. . Match the characteristics below to either mainstream Buddhism or Mahayana Buddhism. Mainstream Buddhism: earlier school, one Buddha, arhat exemplar, self- effort, anatta, popular in South and Southeast Asia. One popular Mahayana school took its name from the word “meditation,” which is dhyana in Sanskrit, Chan in Chinese, and Zen in Japanese. Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Arrange the following countries in order from largest total population of Buddhists to smallest. China, Japan, Thailand, India, US Kokoro is a Buddhist. Her practice consists of chanting the name of Amida Buddha. By doing this, Kokoro believes Amida will use his abilities so that in her next life she will be reborn in his Buddha field. Kokoro MOST LIKELY practices Pure Land Buddhism. Which of the following texts has been proclaimed by some Mahayana Buddhists as the only Buddhist scripture that leads to Buddhahood? The Lotus Sutra. Many people define “religion” as what people believe about God. Buddhism presents a challenge to this definition. Which of the following represents the BEST response to the challenge Buddhism raises to our understanding of what “religion” is? We should broaden our view of religion and consider that religions can exist without a divine figure. Which of the following is an example of a textual encounter with Buddhism? An American college student reading a translation of the Lotus Sutra. Judaism: 1. Which of the following are names Jews use for God? Elohim, Hashem, Adonai 2. Baruch is Jew living in contemporary America. When his brother wanted to marry a Christian, Baruch tried to talk him out of it. Men and women are segregated in Baruch’s shul (place of worship), which affirms the teachings of Maimonides along with the complete Written and Oral Torah. Baruch MOST LIKELY practices Orthodox Judaism. 3. Why are Jews known for having many divergent opinions about religious matters instead of forming a consensus? Select all that apply. All except “Judaism lacks a shared tradition of laws and stories”. 4. Who said, “That which is hateful to you, do not do to another: This is the whole Torah. The rest is commentary. Now go study.” Rabbi Hillel 5. Which of the following words might a Jewish person use to refer to the Hebrew Bible? The Tanakh 6. In Jewish tradition, how many commandments are there? 613 7. Why was the heart of the First Temple empty? Because of a commandment forbidding graven images. 8. Edna is a Jew living in contemporary Miami. She keeps kosher. She believes the Torah is divinely inspired but probably wasn’t really written by Moses. She believes it’s important to attend services at the synagogue on the Sabbath, but does not think it’s a problem to drive a car there. Edna MOST LIKELY practices ConservativeJudaism. 9. Arrange the following events in chronological order, starting with the oldest. Babylonians conquer the southern kingdom of Judah, The second temple is dedicated and Second Temple Judaism begins, After defeating the Persian Empire, Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). 11. At Sophia’s church there are no pews and the congregation stands through the entire service. Sophia loves singing the Divine Liturgy, the incense, and the beautiful icons on the walls. Sophia is MOST LIKELY Eastern Orthodox. 12. Pius IX convened the First Vatican Council of 1869-1870, which pronounced papal infallibility to be “a divinely revealed dogma.” Papal infallibility is the belief that everything a pope says is true. False. 13. Which statement BEST characterizes the attitude of medieval Catholic officials toward mystics like Theresa of Avila and Julian of Norwich (pictured here)? Church authorities were wary that mystics were mistaking their own ideas for encounters with God, but that they ultimately complimented the dry logic of medieval theologians. 14. Walter Rauschenbusch (1861-1918) ministered to poor people in Manhattan’s Hell’s Kitchen neighborhood as part of the Social Gospel movement. 15. William is a college student who disagrees with both his atheist and his evangelical friends. He does not believe the Bible story that God created everything in six days. But he also does not believe that the universe could have come from nowhere. William feels there must have been some sort of creator behind it. William could BEST be described as a Deist. 16. Click the areas on the map where Christianity is currently growing. Africa, Asia, South America 17. Which of the following statements about the Reformation is accurate? Martin Luther introduced a radical idea of Christian Liberty by questioning the hierarchy of clergy 18. According to Christian tradition, Jesus expected his Jewish followers both to observe the law and to internalize it. 19. Watch the video below. Based on what you have learned in the chapter, what type of Christian service is depicted here (man holding three candles)? Eastern Orthodox 20. Currently, Christianity is declining in Europe and stagnating in North America. However, it is growing rapidly in continents of the Global South, such as Africa. 21. Aimee Semple McPherson achieved celebrity status as a(n) Pentecostal evangelist. She pioneered radio evangelism and ultimately founded her own denomination. 22. Which statement BEST describes the Eastern Orthodox understanding of original sin? Unnatural separation from God that can be overcome through mystical union with the divine. 23. Some churches practice Lent, a period of forty days of prayer and asceticism that precedes the holiday of Easter. 24. The Great Schism formalized the split between the Catholic Church in the West and the Orthodox Church in the East, while the Reformation formalized the split between the Catholic Church and Protestantism. 25. Which of the following are included in the five points of Calvinism that were articulated in the Synod of Dort? Limited atonement, perseverance of the saints, unconditional election, irresistible grace, total depravity. Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. Prudence is a Christian whose beliefs include unconditional election and the idea that human beings exist in a condition of “total depravity.” Prudence regards Catholic traditions as an abomination and spends a lot more time reading the Old Testament than the New Testament. Prudence is MOST LIKELY a Puritan. Sarah is a Christian college student. She is frustrated that her course on Christian history spends so much time discussing different doctrines, rituals, schisms, and theological debates. For Sarah, Christianity is really about having a personal relationship with Jesus. Instead of arguing about theology, Christians should be doing activism and missionary work. Sarah is MOST LIKELY a(n) evangelical. The Ninety-Five Theses written by Martin Luther condemned the Catholic Church, especially papal authority, and called for the establishment of a separate church with power shifted from religious professionals to the laypeople. False. Which of the following are a factor in the global success of Pentecostalism? Adapt new languages and cultures, refuse to restrict its reach to one day a week or the privacy of being in one's home, effort in improving their churches, egalitarian - offering the gifts to the holy spirit regardless of your makeup/background, emphasizes supernatural experiences. Which of the following statements reflect MOST Christians’ understanding of sin? Those in a state of sin are barred from heaven, God made salvation from sin possible by sending Jesus Christ down on Earth, sin is passed down from Adam and Eve. Match each text with the language it was originally written in. Vulgate-Latin, Old Testament-Hebrew, New Testament-Greek, The Ninety Five Theses-German. The Garden Tomb was unearthed in 1867 and purchased in 1894 by British Protestants as a place to remember and retell their Jesus story. Which statement BEST characterizes American Christian attitudes toward slavery prior to the Civil War? American Christians were strongly divided on the question of slavery. Alan believes he has been baptized with the Holy Spirit. At his church, people speak in tongues and practice healing the sick just as the apostles did in the Bible. Alan is MOST LIKELY a(n) Pentecostal. Which of the following is a characteristic common to Christianity in the Global South? Emphasis on supernatural and miracles, experimental dimension of religion over its ethical dimension, skill at entrepreneurialism and innovation. Sarah belongs to the most persecuted religious group in American history. Her church was founded by someone who was “exceedingly distressed” by the array of competing denominations in America. Sarah is MOST LIKELY a(n) Mormon. Which of the following are the four distinguishing marks of evangelical Christianity, according to historian David Bebbington? The doctrine of Jesus’s atoning death on the cross (crucicentrism), the conversion experience (conversionism), the missionary and evangelistic effort (activism), the divine inspiration of the Bible (biblicism). Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. Islam: p o % Which of the following are included among the seven sacraments? Eucharist, penance, matrimony, confirmation, last rites or anointing of the sick. Which religion believes in a form of “soft monotheism?” Christianity. In addition to Jesus, Christianity had two other “founders.” These were Paul and then later Constantine. Arrange these events from Christian history in the correct order from the furthest in the past to the most recent. Paul writes his first letter, Romans destroy the Temple in Jerusalem, Gospel of Matthew is written, Roman Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity, The council of Nicaea drafts the Nicene Creed. Henry VIII founded his own church, which led to Christians known as Anglicans, who are known as Episcopalians in the United States. Rachel is a Christian who loves doing Bible study at her church. Her church has no fancy decorations or art and prides itself on not having rituals or traditions that are not based in the Bible. Rachel is MOST LIKELY a(n) Methodist. Click on the map where the Kaaba is located. Mecca Of the four Sunni legal schools, the___ Hanbali___ School takes the most conservative approach to reading the Quran and hadith, in the sense that it prefers literalism and generally rejects analogical reasoning. It is prominent today in Saudi Arabia, where it influenced the __Wahhabi__religious movement. In 2008 the holy month of Ramadan began on September 1. In 2020 it began on April 23. Why does it begin on a different day from year to year? Because Islam follows a lunar cycle and not a solar cycle When participating in the hajj, which of the following actions are performed by Muslims as they enter into the sacred state of inram? Actions performed, Cut nails, comb hair, announce intention to perform the hajj and ask god to accept it, put on white cotton clothing (men only) Some Muslims believe that Ali was actually an incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. True Which of the following statements is true about the custom of Muslim women wearing hijab? Veiling varies considerably from a person to person and society to society . Here a Muslim muezzin sings out the call to prayer from a Baghdad mosque, reminding devout Muslims to pray. In a predominantly Sunni Muslim country, how many times per day would one hear the call to prayer? 5 Identify the following actions as being performed or not performed on the hajj pilgrimage. Throwing stones at Satan in Mina, Running between two hills seven Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). moral practice and successful qigong practice 6. From the perspective of the Daoist tradition, humanity is evolving ever closer toward the Dao as civilization and the perfection of human institutions advance. False Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). 7. The founder of the Way of the Celestial Masters, __Zhang Daoling___is said to have received a vision of Laozi in his divine form as __Lord Lao__at Crane Call Mountain. 8. Traditionally attributed to __Laozi_, the Daodejing is one of the world’s most frequently translated books. 9. In this 1966 wood engraving by Fritz Eichenberg retelling one of the most famous and foundational Daoist stories, what Daoist luminary is depicted? Laozi recording the Daodejing before before departing China forever 10. Identify each item that is an attribute of the Dao. The universe and all things within it emerge out of the Dao, The Dao exists in all things and its patterns can be revealed by closely paying attention to the world around us, The Dao ultimately transcends any and all individual things, The Dao is formless, ineffable, and beyond definition 11. In examining Daoism in America, scholar Thomas Tweed distinguishes between “adherents” and “sympathizers.” Organize the activities below into those more likely to be practiced by what scholars might call American adherents of Daoism and those practiced by what a scholar might call American sympathizers of Daoism. practice tai chi in the park on Sunday mornings with a local community exercise group, read the Daodejing to gain guidance on how to be a better manager, attend a one-day workshop on Chinese medicine for general wellness 12. What role does jing play in contemporary forms of internal alchemy? Jing is the fixed storehouse of vital essence in which everyone is born and which must be preserved and then refined into increasingly ethereal energies in order to attain the Dao 13. Identify characteristics of the two main branches of Daoism in China today, Orthodox Unity (Zhengyi) and Complete Perfection (Quanzhen). emphasizes ritual, a tradition of householders with married priests, authority passes down within the family, successor to the Celestial Masters tradition 14, your roommate has decided that he wants to learn about the life stories of major world religions’ founders, so he goes to the library and checks out the most recent translation of the Daodejing so that he can study the life of Laozi to understand his miraculous birth, his celebrated bureaucratic career, and his eventual journey over the mountains on an ox to leave China. Which statement below BEST explains the problem with your roommate’s plan? The Daodejing does not follow a narrative format and does not include a biography of Laozi 15. Which of the following statements does NOT reflect a legitimate reason as to why the origins of Daoism are hard to pinpoint? Due to early persecution, Daoist masters were forced to disguise their religion as a form of buddhism, making it difficult to ascertain what was intended by the early authors 16. What event in 1949 disrupted the Daoist movement and inspired many Daoists to move to Taiwan, ultimately leading to the 63rd Celestial Master establishing the headquarters of the Orthodox Unity Daoist movement in Taipei? The rice of power of Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). the antireligious communist party of China Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). Griffin-Pierce, what theme do these elements suggest about Diné life and thought? The idea that everything is moving and in flux Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). 23. In Oregon v. Smith, why did the Supreme Court rule that Smith’s religious freedom had not been violated? Peyote is Illegal for everyone in the state of Oregon regardless of their religion 24. The Ninth Circuit Court was given ample information about the religious significance of the San Francisco Peaks to the Diné. Why, then, did it claim the Snowbow] project would not be a “substantial burden” on the Diné’s religious freedom? The ninth circuit ruled that religious exercise is burdened only when the government coerces individuals into acting contrary to their religious beliefs 25. What is Quanah Parker BEST known for? He founded the half moon way of peyotism 26. Diné healing practices often involve a __Diagnostician. who determines what is troubling the patient. The patient may then be sent to a__Singer___who performs a ceremony over them. 27. The Ninth Circuit ruled that while spraying treated sewer water onto a sacred mountain was upsetting to practitioners of the Diné religion, this amounted to “mere damaged feelings.” These feelings did not rise to the level of a “substantial burden” on religion because they were based on a subjective experience. In his dissent, what was Judge Fletcher’s critique of this argument? All religions are based on subjective feelings 28. A Diné enlisted in the United States military suffers nightmares after returning from active duty, so his community performs a ceremony over him. This ceremony was MOST LIKELY a(n) Enemyway 29. The goal of Diné religion is often described as Sa’a Naghai Bik’e Hozho. Which of the following is the BEST translation of this term? Long life and happiness 30. To explain the effects of the Snowbow! project on the Diné, judges were asked to imagine whether they would continue to pray at a church that the U.S. Forest Service repeatedly sprayed with treated sewage water. What is the biggest problem with this analogy? Christians can pick a different church to go to but the Dinés sacred mountain cannot be replaced 31. Which of the following statements is true about Navajo religion? Navajo religion has changed overtime and is internally diverse 32. Which of the following might one be likely to see on a headstone when visiting a Native American Church (NAC) cemetery? Any combination of these 33. What is the purpose of this ceremony, known as a kinaalda? It is a puberty ceremony for young women 34. The Snowbow!l project occupies only a tiny portion of the San Francisco Peaks. Why can the Diné not simply perform their ceremonies on a different part of the mountain? They regard the mountain as a single living entity that cannot be divided 35. Which of the following factors make scholarship on Diné religion especially difficult? Diné “religion” is not clearly separated from the rest of Diné culture, There is a danger of non-Diné scholars slipping into romantic stereotypes about “the vanishing Intro To World Religions Review Guide (1). Indian”, Many Diné beliefs and practices are not revealed to outsiders