introduction of computer architecture, Essays (university) of Computer Architecture and Organization

Download introduction of computer architecture and more Essays (university) Computer Architecture and Organization in PDF only on Docsity! What is the study of Computer Architecture? It’s the study of the ___________ of computers Structure: static arrangement of the parts Organization: dynamic interaction of the parts and their control Implementation: design of specific building blocks Performance: behavioral study of the system or of some of its components What is a Computer Architecture Two defintions: (1) Architecture is an interface between layers ISA is the interface between hardware and software ISA is what is visible to the programmer (and ISA might be different for O.S. and applications) ISA consists of: instructions (operations and how they are encoded) information units (size, how they are addressed etc.) registers (or more generally processor state) input-output control Execution model ENIAC The First Transistor _ O uw ©. ee) on 7 64 Ghits 4 Ghits 1 Gbits 9/6.15.0.20m 2 = S c o a 2 2 s . o 2 iS 5 z 64 Kbits Illustration of Moore’s Law E'S LAW Pe Pentiumia 4 ntiumeé Ill Processor Pentiut T 8 Proc 466™ DX Processor, ni Proces: Processor 1970 1975 1980 1985 rg athe 1990 1995 transistors 100,000,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 Power Dissipation — Watts/cm? 1000 5 Er Rocket . 4 L Nuclear” Nore j Reactor." 100 & r Pentium IV Processor r Hot Pentium Ii! Processor a Plate Pentium II Processor E Pentium Pro Processor r Pentium Processor E } F q 1 1 l l L l l l l E 1.5u 1.0u 0.7m O.5u 0.35n 0.250 0.18u 0.13u 0.10u 0.071 1986 1991 1993 1995 1998 1999 2000 2002 2004 2005 More computer families Intel Early micros 40xx in early 70’s x86 (086,…,486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium 3, Pentium 4) from 1980 on IA-64 (Itanium) in 2001 SUN Sparc, Ultra Sparc 1985 0n MIPS-SGI Mips 2000, 3000, 4400, 10000 from 1985 on (Berkeley RISC) (Stanford RISC) MIPS is a RISC RISC = Reduced Instruction Set Computer R could also stand for “regular” All arithmetic-logical instructions are of the form MIPS (as all RISC’s) is a Load-Store architecture ALU operates only on operands that are in registers The only instructions accessing memory are load and store c ba RopRR ← Registers Registers are the “bricks” of the CPU Registers are an essential part of the ISA Visible to the hardware and to the programmer Registers are Used for high speed storage for operands. For example, if variables a,b,c are in registers 8,9,10 respectively add $8,$9,$10 # a = b + c Easy to name (most computers have 32 registers visible to the programmer and their names are 0, 1, 2, …,31) Used for addressing memory