Introduction to Architecture, Study notes of Architecture

Download Introduction to Architecture and more Study notes Architecture in PDF only on Docsity! Part I: Course Outline 1. Introductions 2. Principles 3. Scope 4. Values to instill 5. Intended Results 6. Course Logistics, Schedule, Grading, etc. Part II: Development of Construction Technologies • Innovation in Construction • Obstacles and Drivers Part III: Elements of Building 1. Building Systems i. Definitions ii. CSI Division placement Image: Renzo Piano Building Workshop: Fondation Beyeler, Basel, Switzerland, 1999. COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT These notes are a test. Lecture 1Professor John E. Fernandez FALL TERM 2001 SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING: MIT 4.461: CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Prof. John E. Fernandez Building Technology Group Off. Hours: by appt. Images: LFA: Case Residence, New York, 1999. Polshek and Partners: Hayden Planetarium, New York, 2000. COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Values to instill 1. Possibility of Invention: both for engineers and architects 2. Craft of New and Old Technologies: good practice and new processes 3. Critical View of Product- Driven Design Foster and Partners: Reichstag, Berlin, 1999. Image courtesy of Karl Doeringer and Structurae. COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Intended Results 1. Familiarity with requirements of architectural assemblies 2. Understanding of broad range of “good” solutions 3. Understanding of contemporary issues in the design of architectural assemblies 4. Understanding of design process 5. Understanding of construction process 6. Identification of opportunities for “invention” 7. The initiation of a career-long study of the expressive potential inherent in the solution of technical assembly and construction situations. 8. Development of strategies for collaboration between disciplines COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Course Logistics Schedule and Grading COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Student Work: Integrated Building Systems Successes: 1900-1980 Polymers (sealants, coatings, membranes, adhesives, nonwoven fabrics) Metals (especially thin films, Low-e glass) Composites: FRPs, GFRP, CFRP Digital Technologies: CAD/CAM, Simulation Software, Project Management, etc. Cable net and Fabric Structures (with limited use) Failures Modular Building (except at the very low end of the market) Concrete Shells and Hyperbolic Paraboloids (new morphologies) “Fordist” Mass production and assembly High Performance composites (that is, carbon and glass reinforced materials) Kresge Auditorium at MIT. Image courtesy of HABS and Structurae COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Drivers for Innovation Now Global Economy Competition and Alliances across sovereign borders New Markets (esp. China,rest of Asia, and former Soviet Republics) Sustainable Strategies Energy Efficiencies Materials Acquisition and Processing (Resource Efficiencies) End of Life Materials Reuse (Life Cycle Costing) Technological Advance Improved Technology Transfer (Process Engineering, simulation technologies, Management Technologies etc.) Materials Science Digital Technologies Future Developments Materials The integration of various materials together into premanufactured assemblies and composites Specification by performance Processes Removing as much specialized “expertise” (knowledge) from the construction site as possible Morphologies Inventing new forms that use materials more efficiently and employ time-saving construction methods (Pantograph example) Integrating building systems together in a synergistic way (German Parliament Building) COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Obstacles for Innovation: 2001 “Fragmented” industry “Fragmented” process Design: numerous consultants and project components Construction: numerous trades/subcontractors Relatively Low R&D investment by construction related Industries Continuing underestimation of the level of investment necessary for “real” innovation, proof of concept and market entry Continuing disciplinary specialization of the various scientific, professional and business interests all involved in the construction process COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Student Work: Integrated Building Systems Materials COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Image by MIT OCW. Materials Smart and lightweight materials (tessellated fabric example) Appropriate technologies Responsive, polyvalent materials Micro and nano devices and assemblies Composites (GFRPs, glass laminars, coatings) Processes Intelligent tools and systems for improved decision-making processes Computational and other Digital Technologies Large Scale Construction Methods Robotics and Artificial Intelligence Morphologies More complex composite and hybrid structures and intricate interior-exterior interfaces (thermal, solar radiation and mass transfer dynamics) Panel technologies: ultrathin Integrated structure and exterior wall assemblies Student Work: Integrated Building Systems COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Part III: Elements of Building 1. Building Systems 2. Cost 3. Lifetimes/Durability 4. Performance Requirements 5. Integration of Building Systems Systems • Foundations • Superstructure • Exterior Envelope • Interior Partitions • Mechanical Systems Image: Renzo Piano Building Workshop: Fondation Beyeler. Basel, Switzerland, 1999. COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Cost over time 1. Foundation/ Subgrade structure 10% 2. Structure (superstructure) 30-40% 3. Exterior Wall 10-20% 4. Interior Partitions 10% 5. Mechanical Devices 30-40% COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Lifetimes Years 1. Foundation/Subgrade 50-100+ 2. Superstructure 50+ 3. Exterior Wall 25+ 4. Interior Partitions 10-30 5. Mechanical Devices 20 Sir Norman Foster and Partners, Hong Kong Bank. 1995. Image courtesy of Nicolas Janberg of Structurae COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS Performance Requirements 1. Foundation/ Subgrade structure i. Dead and live load transfer 2. Superstructure i. Dead and Live load transfer ii. Lateral force resistance and stability 3. Exterior Wall i. Maintenance of interior environment 4. Interior Partitions i. Programmatic spatial definition ii. Acoustic separation 5. Mechanical Devices i. Maintenance of interior environment Image: Glenn Murcutt, House, Australia. COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS System 1: Foundations/Site Spec. Divisions Dependent on material Div. 2 site work, Div. 3 concrete, Div. 4 masonry, Div. 5 metals, Div. 6 Wood and plastics. Images: F.L. Wright: Johnson Wax, 1944 Fabric foundation wall FRP caisson cover COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS System 2: Superstructure Spec. Divisions Dependent on material Div. 3 concrete, Div. 4 masonry, Div. 5 metals, Div. 6 Wood and plastics. Images: Eladio Dieste COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS System 3: Exterior Envelope Spec. Divisions Dependent on material, but also identified in Div. 7 thermal and moisture protection, Div. 8 doors and windows Images: Thomas Herzog, Aerogel Exterior Envelope System COPYRIGHT JOHN E. FERNANDEZ: BUILDING TECHNOLOGY GROUP: MIT Introduction 4.405 CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS