Introduction to Biochemistry - Microbiology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Microbiology

Download Introduction to Biochemistry - Microbiology - Lecture Slides and more Slides Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity! Introduction to Biochemistry docsity.com Biochemistry  Chemistry of living organisms.  The study of biology at the molecular level. docsity.com Atoms • Subunits of elements. • Smallest complete units of matter. • Cannot be broken down or changed by ordinary chemical and physical means. facstaff.gpc.edu docsity.com Atomic Structure  Nucleus – Positively charged protons. – Neutrally charged neutrons. – Surrounded by negatively charged electrons. www.bartleby.com docsity.com Molecules and Compounds Molecules • Formed when two or more atoms unite on the basis of their electron structures • Can be made of like atoms or atoms of different elements Compounds • Composed of two or more elements docsity.com Carbohydrate - oH, 6CH,OH H-C-OH 2 | |S ether li HO-C-H 3 0 H-C-OH 4 H C3 nt-oH 5 H CH,OH 6 TNOH ! HO CommEC www.palaeos.com  Carbohydrate ms ioucrose has the molecular formula C,2H2.0,, CH)OH CH)OH H OH glycosidic bond OH oH a-Glucose B-Fructose Sucrose www.chm.bris.ac.u  Carbohydrate - Pe Polysaccharide chains (the glyean portion) Peptidoglycan Peptide cross-links (the peptide portion) www.biologie.uni-hambur Lipids  Examples are: – Waxes – Fats and oils – Phospholipids – Steroids Phospholipid Cell Membrane. www.williamsclass.com docsity.com Proteins  Made up of polymers of amino acids.  “beads on a string.”  20 primary amino acids exist.  A polymer of 3 or more amino acids forms a polypeptide. docsity.com Proteins  Primary Structure – Linear sequence of amino acids.  Secondary Structure – Form helices or sheets due to their structure.  Tertiary Structure – A folded protein.  Quaternary Structure – 2 or more polypeptide chains bonded together. docsity.com Nucleic Acids  DNA and RNA. – (DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid, RNA - ribonucleic acid).  Is the “hereditary molecule.”  Contains genes that code for a certain product.  DNA is translated into RNA which is used to produce a protein or other product. docsity.com Nucleic Acid Structure  DNA nucleotides – Building blocks of DNA.  RNA nucleotides – Building blocks of RNA. docsity.com Nucleic Acid Structure  DNA – Nitrogenous base – Deoxyribose – Phosphate group  RNA – Nitrogenous base – Ribose – Phosphate group www.microbelibrary.org docsity.com DNA Structure  Nucleotides bond between sugar and phosphate groups to form long polymers.  Double-stranded DNA  - The two nucleotide polymers bind at the nitrogenous bases. – Bonding forces cause the double-stranded polymer to form a double helix. www.genome.gov docsity.com DNA Structure  James Watson (left) and Francis Crick (right) discovered the double-helix structure of DNA and its process of replication in the 1950s. www.achievement.org docsity.com DNA Replication  Occurs during cell division.  Both strands of the double-helix unwind and replicate a complimentary strand.  The parent strand and new daughter strand form a new double-helix.  DNA polymerase is one enzyme used in replication process. docsity.com The Central Dogma  Proposed by Francis Crick in 1957.  Explains the flow of genetic information within a cell.  DNA RNA Protein docsity.com The Central Dogma  1. Genetic information contained in one gene of DNA molecule is used to make one molecule of mRNA by a process called transcription. – mRNA (messenger RNA) is one of 3 types of RNA used in protein synthesis.  2. The genetic information in the mRNA molecule is used to make a protein in a process called translation. docsity.com Transcription  The genetic code from the DNA molecule is transcribed to produce an mRNA molecule. trc.ucdavis.edu docsity.com