Introduction to Cartography - Physical Geography - Lecture Slides, Slides of Geology

Download Introduction to Cartography - Physical Geography - Lecture Slides and more Slides Geology in PDF only on Docsity! Introduction to Cartography • Maps vs. Globes • General Types of Maps • Standard Map Features • Map Projections • GIS • GPS • Remote Sensing • Representation in Maps or “How to Lie with Maps” Docsity.com Maps versus Globes • Map: a representation of the world or part of it, in two dimensions • Globe: a 3-D representation of the entire earth surface. What are some advantages and disadvantages of each? Docsity.com Thematic Maps These maps represent the spatial dimensions of a particular phenomenon (theme). Types: • Isopleth maps - isolines connect points of equal magnitude. • Choropleth map - tonal shadings are graduated to represent areal variations in number or density within a region, usually a formal region. Docsity.com Choropleth Maps Docsity.com lsopleth Maps Average Number of Tornadoes per Year KEY Average number of tomadoes per year per 10,000 square tiles Dafevet,, El twee Blseven Done HE Five MiNine Copyright @ 1996-1999 Oklahoma Climatological Survay. All Rights Reserved Docsity.com Cartographer’s Dilemma • All maps introduce distortion: – shape (conformance) – size (equivalence) – direction – distance • Maps can be either equivalent or conformal, but cannot emphasize both characteristics. Docsity.com 90°N (b) Equivalent 90°S (a) Conformal (® Docsity.com Docsity.com Robinson Projection - neither equivalent nor conformal Docsity.com Gall-Peters Projection - Equivalent (Equal Area) Map Projection Docsity.com Introduction to Cartography • Maps vs. Globes • General Types of Maps • Standard Map Features • Map Projections • Representation in Maps or “How to Lie with Maps” Docsity.com Written scale One inch equals four miles (English units in U.S.) Representative fraction 1 1:250,000 or 350 000 Graphic seale 3. 2 0 4 SE Prisca miles 5 43 JO) 5 10 Ee] EE” kilometers Docsity.com Orientation or Direction • North arrow or Compass Rose • European maps of the dark ages, prior to European acceptance (1500’s) of the magnetic compass, were ‘oriented to the east.’ After compass it made more sense to place north at the top during use. N Docsity.com Grid North = very close to true north. Used to place grids on maps for archaeology, mines, artillery targeting. Docsity.com What is GIS? • Stands for "geographic information systems" • Definition: a system for the input, storage, manipulation, and output of geographic data – a specialized "information system” • information systems are used to work with (manipulate, summarize, query, edit, visualize) information stored in computer databases – utilizes spatial indexing of information to track what is where on the Earth's surface Docsity.com Elements of a Geographic Information System (GIS) • Database with spatially-coded data (latitude/longitude) • Computer • GIS Application Software (ArcView, ArcInfo, MapInfo) • Video Map Display • Scanners • Digitizer • Plotter/Printer Docsity.com Remotely sensed image Zoning Floodplains Wetlands Land cover Docsity.com High Quality Map Display Docsity.com Examples of Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing • Google Earth • Zillow.com • National Atlas of the United States Docsity.com The Global Positioning Systen Measurements of code-phase arrival times from ai least four satellites are used to estimate four quantities: position in three dimensions (X, ¥, Z) and GPS time (T).  5 P na BTS GPS NAVIGATION GPS and GIS are increasingly integrated. Doesity.com Photographic Remote Sensing • aerial photos - camera mounted on airplane takes visible light photographs • infrared film - sensitive to red end of the light spectrum (crops and plants) Docsity.com Remote Sensing • Digital Remote Sensing – Multispectral Sensors • visible, radar, infrared, ultraviolet – Digital Image Manipulation – Direct download into GIS systems Docsity.com eee 4 eee ao t ei Iguazu Falls, Argentina / Paraguay LandSat Images 1973-2004 How to Lie with Maps • Misrepresentation - Propaganda Maps • Selection or Omission of Map Features • Scale • Orientation • The Authoritative Power of Maps Docsity.com Propaganda Maps Japanese Map from 1905 before the Russo-Japanese War. Docsity.com Pee” Stent kt cr Caer ie ATLANTIC 30° 30° OCEAN Tropic of ays | Cancer a PACIFIC 10° OCEAN pr 140° 130° 120° 1108 Equator BY Tropical rainforest (tropical deciduous forest [J] Tropical scrub (0) tropical savanna =) Desert 30° Ha Mediterranean woodland and shrub |_| Midlatitude grassland 40° Midlatitude forest (mostly deciduous) Boreal forest Tundra 10° 20° Tropic of Capricorn | 30° 40° 50° Mountains and ice caps What’s misrepresented in this map? Docsity.com Docsity.com