Introduction To Computer Architecture, Exams of Computer Architecture and Organization

Download Introduction To Computer Architecture and more Exams Computer Architecture and Organization in PDF only on Docsity! ECE/CS 552: Introduction To Computer Architecture 1 ECE/CS 552: Introduction To Computer Architecture Instructor:Mikko H Lipasti TA: Guangyu Shi llFa 2010 University of Wisconsin-Madison Lecture notes partially based on set created by Mark Hill. Computer Architecture  Instruction Set Architecture (IBM 360) – … the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer. I.e. the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls, the logic design, and the physical implementation. -- Amdahl, Blaauw, & Brooks, 1964  Machine Organization (microarchitecture) – ALUS, Buses, Caches, Memories, etc.  Machine Implementation (realization) – Gates, cells, transistors, wires 552 In Context  Prerequisites – 252/352 – gates, logic, memory, organization – 252/354 – high-level language down to machine language interface or instruction set architecture (ISA)  This course – 552 – puts it all together – Implement the logic that provides ISA interface – Must do datapath and control, but no magic – Manage tremendous complexity with abstraction  Follow-on courses explore trade-offs – ECE 752, ECE 555/ECE 755, ECE 757 Why Take 552?  To become a computer designer – Alumni of this class helped design your computer  To learn what is under the hood of a computer – Innate curiosity – To better understand when things break – To write better code/applications – To write better system software (O/S, compiler, etc.)  Because it is intellectually fascinating! – What is the most complex man-made device? Abstraction and Complexity  Abstraction helps us manage complexity  Complex interfaces Compiler CS536 Application Program CS302 Operating System CS537Scope – Specify what to do – Hide details of how  Goal: remove magic Semiconductor devices ECE335 Electronic circuits ECE340 Digital Logic ECE352 Machine Language (ISA) CS354 of this course Computer Architecture  Exercise in engineering tradeoff analysis – Find the fastest/cheapest/power-efficient/etc. solution – Optimization problem with 100s of variables  All the variables are changing At non uniform rates– - – With inflection points – Only one guarantee: Today’s right answer will be wrong tomorrow  Two high-level effects: – Technology push – Application Pull ECE/CS 552: Introduction To Computer Architecture 2 Technology Push  What do these two intervals have in common? – 1776-1999 (224 years) – 2000-2001 (2 years)  Answer: Equal progress in processor speed!  The power of exponential growth!  Driven by Moore’s Law – Device per chips doubles every 18-24 months  Computer architects work to turn the additional resources into speed/power savings/functionality! Some History Date Event Comments 1939 First digital computer John Atanasoff (UW PhD ’30) 1947 1st transistor Bell Labs 1958 1st IC Jack Kilby (MSEE ’50) @TI Wi f 2000 N b l inner o o e pr ze 1971 1st microprocessor Intel 1974 Intel 4004 2300 transistors 1978 Intel 8086 29K transistors 1989 Intel 80486 1.M transistors, pipelined 1995 Intel Pentium Pro 5.5M transistors 2005 Intel Montecito 1B transistors Performance Growth Unmatched by any other industry ! [John Crawford, Intel]  Doubling every 18 months (1982-1996): 800x Cars travel at 44 000 mph and get 16 000 mpg– , , – Air travel: LA to NY in 22 seconds (MACH 800) – Wheat yield: 80,000 bushels per acre  Doubling every 24 months (1971-1996): 9,000x – Cars travel at 600,000 mph, get 150,000 mpg – Air travel: LA to NY in 2 seconds (MACH 9,000) – Wheat yield: 900,000 bushels per acre Technology Push  Technology advances at varying rates – E.g. DRAM capacity increases at 60%/year – But DRAM speed only improves 10%/year – Creates gap with processor frequency! I fl ti i t n ec on po n s – Crossover causes rapid change – E.g. enough devices for multicore processor (2001)  Current issues causing an “inflection point” – Power consumption – Reliability – Variability Application Pull  Corollary to Moore’s Law: Cost halves every two years In a decade you can buy a computer for less than its sales tax today. –Jim Gray  Computers cost-effective for – National security – weapons design – Enterprise computing – banking – Departmental computing – computer-aided design – Personal computer – spreadsheets, email, web – Pervasive computing – prescription drug labels Application Pull  What about the future?  Must dream up applications that are not cost- effective today – Virtual reality Telepresence– – Mobile applications – Sensing, analyzing, actuating in real-world environments  This is your job!