Introduction to Critical Thinking - Critical Thinking in Health Care - Lecture Slides, Slides of Public Health

Download Introduction to Critical Thinking - Critical Thinking in Health Care - Lecture Slides and more Slides Public Health in PDF only on Docsity! Introduction to Critical Thinking Docsity.com • I’m becoming a vegetarian. I.B. Singer said it is the ethical thing to do, and he won the Nobel Prize! • I’m buying a Bumpster mountain bike. My critical thinking instructor says they’re the best, and s/he’s very intelligent. • I’m going to go see “The Dark Knight”. My best friend said it was very good, and we always like the same things. • I’m practicing safe sex. My accountant said it’s important, and he was honored as the Gainesville CPA of the Year for 2001. Docsity.com Which of these statements is an evaluative claim? • Bernie Machen is President of the University of Florida • Charles Young is not President of the University of Florida • Charles Young secretly roots for Florida State • Bernie Machen is a good President Docsity.com Which of these is an advocatory claim? • Returning money that you found is the right thing to do. • We should try to help the homeless whenever we can. • There should be enough gas to make it to Crescent Beach. • Admitting you were lying is an example of honesty. Docsity.com A good argument • Reasons are given to support a certain claim. • The reasons are not opinions but statement of facts. • These statement of facts must have some logical relation to the asserted claim. Docsity.com Causal Reasoning 1. how acceptable or demonstrable the implied comparison is (for example, do we think that there is a basic similarity in most respects between the circumstances of this accident and those of the many other times bicycles and cars have traveled on this street safely); 2. how likely the case for causation seems to be (for example, do we think that a bicycle swerving into an car's lane can cause an accident?); 3. how credible the "only significant difference" or "only significant commonality" claim is (for example, do we believe that the illegally parked truck is the only significant difference between this case and the many other times bicycles and cars went down that street without an accident?). Docsity.com Don’t Eat the Potato Salad!! • Five people become ill at a company picnic. Which is the most likely cause? – They all work in the same department. – They all ran in the 3-legged race – They all ate the warm yellow potato salad – They all had another party to go to • Which of the following might be considered the most significant “difference” between them and others? – They all ate from the same bowl. – No one else at the picnic ate the potato salad. – They all ate different kinds of sandwiches. – No one else knew they were sick until the next day. • Which of the following is the most significant factor in judging whether the potato salad caused the workers’ illness? – At least one other person ate the potato salad and did not get sick. – The potato salad was supposed to be refrigerated, but was left out on the counter the night before the picnic. – They got sick immediately after eating the potato salad, while the incubation period for the illness was at least 24 hours. – Two of the people who got sick had two helpings of potato salad. Docsity.com Wason’s Selection Task If there is a vowel on one side, there is an even number on the other side. If the letter is sealed, then it has a 5d. stamp on it * * Correct choices more commonly made on concrete version. Docsity.com Premises • Premises are statements that directly support a conclusion. Each argument is made up (at least) of two premises and a conclusion (e.g., syllogisms). Premises support the conclusion, and are themselves supported by: – Supporting arguments – Assumptions/Beliefs – Evidence – Authority – Explanations and anecdotes Docsity.com Premise Identifiers • since • for • because • supposing that • given that • assuming that Docsity.com Conclusion Identifiers • therefore • thus • so • as a result • consequently • we can conclude that Docsity.com Syllogisms • Major premise: asserts a generalization • Minor premise: asserts that a specific instance is, or is not, covered • Conclusion • Types – Universal: composed of universal claims (“all, etc.) – Non-universal: composes of non-universal claims (“some”, etc.) Docsity.com "Only bills that pass both the House and Senate become laws." Based on this major premise, which of the following minor premises and conclusions offer valid reasoning? • Some of these have passed the House. Therefore, some of these have become laws. • Some of these have passed the House. Therefore, some of these have not become laws. (a little ambiguous, what if you said, “Some, but not all of these have passed the House”?)  Some of these have not passed the House. Therefore, some of these have not become laws. • Some of these have not become laws. Therefore, some of these have not passed the House. Docsity.com Human Reasoning • Are we (as humans) consistently able to follow logical rules in order to reach rational conclusions? • Do we accurately calculate probabilities, utilize data, etc., or do we utilize rules of thumb to help ourselves along? Docsity.com Probability Judgments • Three candidates, A, B, and C are running for Mayor of Gainesville. In 6 separate polls, A led B five times. In 18 polls, C led B 9 times. In a comparison of A and C, who is more likely to win? • It is known that 5% of the population is affected by rubadubitis. A new diagnostic test gives true positives of the disease 85% of the time, but has a 10% false positive rate. Bub has tested positive. What is the probability that he has rubadubitis? Docsity.com Heuristics and Biases • People commonly use short-cuts (heuristics) • Heuristics lighten cognitive load, but lead to greater biases and errors • Example heuristics: – REPRESENTATIVENESS: how representative instance is of universe – AVAILABILITY: how easily instances are called to mind Docsity.com Common Heuristics in Probability Judgments • Frequency Heuristic: making use of number of occurrence, rather than probability of occurrence – candidate example: C has more wins, but A has greater proportion of wins (5/6); most people choose C Docsity.com Examples • All families having exactly 6 children in Pleasantville were surveyed. In 72 families, the exact birth order was GBGBBG. What is your estimate of the number of families in which the birth order was BGBBBB? • Are there more words in English that begin with the letter R, or that have R as their third letter? Docsity.com Examples (cont’d) • In a 2000 word passage, estimate the number of words of the form ‘________ing’. Estimate the number of words of the form ‘_________n_’. • What percentage of men in a health survey have had one or more heart attacks? What percentage of surveyed men who are both over 55 and have had one or more heart attacks? (conjunction fallacy) Docsity.com Anchoring and Adjustment Effects • Anchoring effect (ans = 40,320) – Estimate: 8x7x6x5x4x3x2x1 (2,250) – Estimate: 1x2x3x4x5x6x7x8 (512) • Framing effects – the way that options are presented affects option selection • risk aversion when presented with a gain options (pick small but certain gain over large but uncertain one) • risk seeking when presented with potential losses (choose large, uncertain loss rather than smaller, certain loss) Docsity.com