Introduction To Fundamentals Of Health Psychology., Exams of Nursing

Download Introduction To Fundamentals Of Health Psychology. and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! lOMoAR cPSD|28205643 Introduction to Health Psychology CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Health Psychology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Health psychology can be considered a discipline-specific descriptor within the field of . a) psychiatry b) behavioural medicine c) psychology d) occupational health Ans: b Page: 3 2. Clinical health psychology is . a) a discipline that helps people diagnosed with a disease manage their symptoms b) a discipline that helps people diagnosed with a disease recover full health c) a discipline that works to effect change and to promote access within health-care systems d) a set of practices aimed at preventing disease Ans: a Page: 3 3. Occupational health psychology is . a) a discipline that helps people become highly productive in their workplace b) a discipline that focuses on reducing stress and preventing injuries at work c) a set of practices aimed at preventing disease transmission in the workplace d) a discipline that works to effect change and to promote access within health-care systems Ans: b Page: 3 4. Community health psychology is . a) a field that focuses on reducing stress and preventing injuries at work b) a field that focuses on curing illness among of a specific group of people c) a discipline that works to effect change and to promote access within health-care systems d) a set of practices aimed at preventing disease Ans: c Page: 3 5. The ideas advanced by René Descartes set the stage for the development of health psychology, because . a) he believed that the body and the soul operate by distinct and independent rules b) he proposed that the body influences the mind, but not the opposite 16. The biopsychosocial model of disease posits that . a) illness is entirely physical b) psychological, social, and behavioural factors are linked in the causation and maintenance of disease c) questions about illness are answerable objectively and deterministically d) the physical and the psychosocial are separate Ans: b Page: 11 17. Some studies show that inadequate social support in post-surgical patients, when compared to fully supported patients, is associated with . a) an unchanged amount of pain b) increased experience of pain c) higher functional outcomes d) decreased experience of pain Ans: b Page: 11 18. A psychological factor that may contribute to obesity is . a) depression and low-self esteem b) slower metabolic rate c) absence of social support d) inability to afford healthy foods Ans: a Page: 13 19. According to some critical evaluations, the health belief model does not account for all the factors that guide health-relevant behaviours and/or their treatment. For example, are not accounted for by this model. a) demographic factors b) beliefs regarding susceptibility to disease c) beliefs regarding disease severity d) economic factors Ans: d Page: 14 20. According to empirical data collected to test the social cognitive theory, influence health-promoting behaviours during recovery from coronary artery surgery. a) self-efficacy beliefs b) various types of social support c) normative beliefs d) control beliefs Ans: a Page: 14 21. According to the theory of planned behaviour, “behavioural beliefs” are . a) beliefs about others’ expectations b) beliefs about factors that facilitate or prevent performance of behaviour c) beliefs about the consequences of inaction d) beliefs about the likely consequences of behaviour Ans: d Page: 15 22. According to the theory of planned behaviour, “control beliefs” refer to . a) beliefs about others’ expectations b) beliefs about factors that facilitate or prevent performance of behaviour c) beliefs about the consequences of inaction d) beliefs about the likely consequences of behaviour Ans: b Page: 15 23. The theory of planned behaviour does not account for . a) emotional factors b) behavioural beliefs c) normative beliefs d) control beliefs Ans: a Pages: 15-16 24. argues that different people with the same health condition may show different emotional responses to their health depending on their and behaviours. a) The health belief model b) The theory of planned behaviour c) The common-sense model of self-regulation d) The cognitive behavioural perspective Ans: d Page: 17 25. is not a stage in the transtheoretical model of behaviour change. a) Contemplation b) Preparation c) Action d) Protection Ans: d Page: 17 Short Answer Questions 1. Provide a specific experimental example that illustrates why a contemporary technique such as brain imaging can expand our knowledge in health psychology. Ans: For example: Measuring the activation of the amygdala, a brain structure involved in processing strong emotions, may help track the efficacy of a candidate treatment in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Page: 18 2. Describe and discuss one of the main challenges facing the practical implementation of health psychology in the developing world. Ans: The essence of this challenge is that only 10 per cent of the overall health-care resources available are spent in non-industrialized parts of the world, where approximately 90 per cent of the global burden of disease is entrenched. Therefore, massive resources must be transferred to these areas. In addition, policies aimed at stimulating growth and equality need to be implemented worldwide. Page: 18 3. Briefly illustrate how an illness such as pneumonia can be described using both the medical model of disease and biopsychosocial theory. Ans: The conventional medical model of disease states that certain infectious biological agents may cause pneumonia, a disease that can be treated by using the appropriate antibiotics. According to the biopsychosocial theory, two extra layers of causal explanation should be added as follows: (1) psychological, such as job stress lowering immune responses, and (2) social, such as work exposure to the infectious agent. Pages: 11-12 4. Suggest one therapeutic measure for each factor contributing to bacterial pneumonia. Ans: Only properly addressing all causes/risk factors will reduce incidence and/or eliminate morbidity/mortality from pneumonia. In the example above, to reduce new cases of pneumonia, measures should be implemented to reduce job stress and agent exposure. Pages: 11-12 5. Briefly discuss how the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors may explain the current epidemic of obesity among youth. Ans: Biological factors: Our genes evolved for millions of years in a world of food scarcity, so we are presumably ill-equipped to handle an overabundance of calories. Psychological factors: Chronic stress is pervasive in our society, and obtaining relief from eating is a common (maladaptive) eliminate this illness, allowing full recovery—but only in the industrialized world. In less- industrialized societies, issues of organization and funding, combined with broad factors such as social unrest, warfare, poverty, and cultural opposition, may severely limit access to a decisive measure like antibiotics. (2) Ischemic cardiac conditions form the background material of a multitude of health psychology studies and are dealt with repeatedly in this textbook. Here, the key point is that, in contrast to pneumonia, no single “magic bullet” is available to eradicate ischemic heart disease. Cardiac disease has emerged as a major problem, in part because the success in fighting infectious diseases has extended life expectations dramatically—at least, in more developed countries. Moreover, the lack of a single “magic bullet” highlights the relevance of social and psychological factors in reducing mortality and morbidity due to ischemic heart disease. Pages: 11-12 3. Discuss how the dualistic theory of René Descartes has shaped modern medicine and how his ideas have influenced the ways in which disease is interpreted today. Ans: René Descartes’ ideas and work are from the end of the Renaissance era—the early days of the Protestant Reformation—when the Catholic Church still exerted a powerful influence on the minds, culture, and societies of Europe. But it was also a time when new ideas and new worlds were emerging to form the modern age. Here, students are expected to grasp the sense of transition coming from Descartes’ work: his adherence to the idea that the human soul is unique and eternal, but inhabiting a different house—that is, a body that can be understood in terms of the laws of physics. In his idea of the soul, Descartes is not only under the influence of the Church, but also the early ideas of Plato. Descartes is also fully modern in proposing that our bodies operate like machines under the same laws of physics that were being discovered during his time. His ideas about how the body works will form the basis of modern medicine, its triumphs, and perhaps its failures. Page: 4 4. Chapter 1 presents obesity and drug addiction as classic medical conditions influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. Based on your knowledge and/or experience, discuss a third example, with an emphasis on the contributing weight of each factor. Complete your essay with suggestions as to why it is exceedingly difficult to change certain behaviours. Ans: Students are expected to present ideas and personal/critical thinking about a number of different conditions. The textbook presents several examples, including ischemic heart disease. Students may choose to expand on the issue of obesity to include other eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia, or to expand on the issue of addiction to include problem drinking, smoking, and gambling. In each of these examples, students should emphasize the socio- economic dimension of the problem (e.g., conflicts of interest within governments that attempt to convince people to cease smoking while collecting revenues from the sale of tobacco), as well as the psychological dimension (e.g., peer pressure). Whereas students might not be experts, particularly on the biological side of these complex problems, they may well be able to provide interesting ideas on why many well-intentioned campaigns fail. Pages: 1-17 5. Discuss one theory, among those presented in Chapter 1, that best accounts for a lack of compliance in adopting certain health habits, such as taking advantage of freely available flu vaccines. Ans: Students are expected to research and discuss the work of Larson, Olsen, Cole, and Shortell (1979), which is based on the health belief model and lends support to the view that beliefs play a central role in guiding health-related decisions. For example, their work demonstrated that beliefs regarding vaccine efficacy, disease severity, and the risk of being infected all played specific roles in predicting whether individuals decided to be vaccinated. Page: 14