Introduction to Microbiology - Study Guide for Exam 1 | HSCI 2230, Study notes of Microbiology

Download Introduction to Microbiology - Study Guide for Exam 1 | HSCI 2230 and more Study notes Microbiology in PDF only on Docsity! HSCI 2230 Introduction to Microbiology Spring 2010 Powers Study guide for exam 1 Outline of unit 1 Introduction to the molecules that make up living things What are membranes? What are bacteria? What are viruses? How do viruses replicate? How do bacteria grow? How do materials get in to and out of cells? (membrane transport) How can microbes be removed from objects and prevented from growing? (microbial control) Set 1 terms  Bacteriophage : a virus that specifically infects bacteria.  Binary fission : the formation of two new cells of approximately equal size as the result of parent cell division.  Capsid : the protein covering a virus’s nucleic acid core.  Capsomers : a subunit of the virus capsid shaped as a triangle or disc.  Chemotaxis : the tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient (toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli).  Degermination : to physically remove surface oils, debris, and soil from skin to reduce microbial load.  Emerging diseases : newly identified diseases that are becoming more prominent.  Energy of activation : the minimum energy input necessary for reactants to form products in a chemical reactant.  germination :  Hypertonic : having a greater osmotic pressure than a reference solution.  Hypotonic : having a lesser osmotic pressure than a reference solution.  Isotonic : having an equal osmotic pressure than a reference solution.  Lysis : the physical rupture or deterioration of a cell.  Pasteurization : heat treatment of perishable fluids to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells, followed by rapid chilling to inhibit growth of survivors and germination of spores.  Pathogen : any agents, usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminthes, that causes disease.  Plaque : the clear zone of lysed cells in tissue culture or chick embryo membrane that corresponds to the area containing viruses.  Prion : “proteinaceous infectious agent;” a cytopathic protein associated with the slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans and animals.  Prophage : a lysogenized bacteriophage; a phage that is latently incorporated into the host chromosome instead of undergoing viral replication and lysis.  Reemerging diseases : previously identified disease that is increasing in occurrence.  Sanitize : to clean inanimate objects using soap and degerming agents so that they are safe and free of high levels of microorganisms.  Saprobes : a microbe that decomposes organic remains for dead organisms.  Parasites : an organism that lives in or on another organism, from which it obtains nutrients and enjoys protection.  Sporulation : the process of spore formation.  Viroids : an infectious agent that lacks a capsid and consists of a closed, cicular RNA molecule.  Zoonosis : an infectious disease indigenous to animals that humans can acquire through direct or indirect contact with infected animals. 1. List the 6 major groups of microbes. Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminthes, and Algae. 2. List several factors causing the increase in infectious diseases. Increase in # of susceptible people, increased travel, growing # of human pathogens, and capacity of microbes to respond & adapt to change. 3. Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are simpler, smaller, and lack a nucleus and organelles; Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex. 4. What is the scientific method? What criteria are required? An approach to explain a natural phenomenon. The criteria of measurement, reproducibility, and falsifiability. 5. What are the earmarks of pseudoscience? Untestable claims, over-reliance on confirmation rather than refutation, lack of openness to testing by other experts, absence of progress, personalization of issues, and use of misleading language. 6. What is the germ theory of disease? States many disease are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and NOT by sins, poverty, smells, etc. 7. List the 4 families of macromolecules and several key characteristics of each. Be able to identify pictures of these macromolecules. Carbohydrates: sugars, linked by glycosidic bonds, and function in structural support, nutrients & energy. Lipids: fats, hydrocarbon chains, insoluble in water, functions in energy storage. Proteins: shapers of life; performs more of the activities in cells, enzymes, transport, etc. Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA. 8. Study Table 2.4 Macromolecules and their Functions 9. What is a membrane? Draw a generalized fluid mosaic model of a cell membrane. 10. List 6 characteristics of life. Growth & Development, Reproduction & heredity, Metabolism, Movement/Irritability, Organization, and Transport of nutrients and waste. 11. List characteristics of cells and life. 12. What are bacteria? Prokaryote; 13. What are the 3 basic shapes of bacteria? Rods (bacilli), Balls (cocci), and helical or spiral. 14. What do bacteria eat? Bacteria can eat almost anything. 15. Where are bacteria found? Everywhere. 16. Describe the structure and function of the flagella: long filamentous processes, rotate 360°; motility. Axial filaments: bundles of fibrils that arise at ends of spirochetes, beneath outer sheath; motility.