Understanding Development: Stages, Patterns, and Research Methods - Prof. S. L. Saponjic, Study notes of Psychology

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Saponjic and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! •Ch. 12 Development •Development -physical or social development •Changes that occur with the passage of time •Systematic changes - follow a logical process •Research Designs •Longitudinal study: assess anybody not just children, could be older, asses as they get older –One group of children assess on several occasions as they grow older –Example:100-10 year olds, once a year for 20 years every year various assessments are taken -Disadvantages- costly, people change or die, unable to contact subjects, TIME=takes long time to publish study -Can measure direct changes:How bob changes from 10 to 30 years old •Cross-sectional-looks at 2 or more groups of people who differ in age and differ in time –Two or more groups of children who differ in age are assessed at roughly the same time –Example-assess 20-10 year olds, 20- 12 year olds, etc. up to 14 -advantages: doesn’t take very long time(quick), -Disadvantages: cannot measure direct changes •Prenatal Development Stages: •Prenatal - before birth: stages that take place before birth •Three stages from conception to birth •Stage 1 - Germinal stage -know order of stages - –Begins with conception: Stage 1 –Sperm & egg unite to create zygote: baby referred to as a zygote –Zygote •23 chromosomes from mother (egg) & 23 chromosomes from father (sperm) –Who determines sex of baby?: DAD determines the sex of the baby X-female, Y- Male –Placenta begins to form: •Prenatal Development Stages •Embryonic stage (2 weeks until end of 8th week): Stage 2 -2 weeks after conception until end of eighth week or second month –Vital organs start to form: heart, brain, lungs –1 inch long: length of embryo –Stage of vulnerability: when most miscarriages take place, most women at this time don’t realize they’re pregnant: do harmful things to baby •Fetal stage (9th week until birth) : Stage 3 –Muscles & bones begin to form: –Capable of movement: could not move before this stage Stages: Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal: in order •Developmental Patterns •Cephalocaudal: pattern of development, biggest part is the head 1/3 or more of babies total length –Development occurs from the head down •Proximodistal –Development occurs from the middle of the organism out to the periphery: inside- out •Perceptual Development •Developmental norm - age at which a behavior is typically displayed •Vision: different types of sensual development, primarily vision –Newborns see blurred images (20/400): adults is 20/20 for perfect, means 20/400 is something 20 feet away is blurred same as something 400 feet away from adult –Eye muscles still developing: if normally, then age 4= 20/20 vision –3 months - recognize mother’s face: not before 3 months –20/20 - age 4: –Visual cliff: -depth perception: relative size, height -in young kids use visual cliff -visual cliff tests depth perception -baby sits on checkered cloth, then appears as though there is an edge, however there is plexiglass so the baby can crawl off cradle -6-9 til develops depth perception -Video of Birth Order -how develops personality, how parents treat them -characteristics of first born, second born -youngest is rebellious, radical, independent thinkers, not fair, not enough attention, parents have experience with raising other older siblings, seeks attention, good sense of humor -oldest follows rules and is a leader, experimental child for rules and standards, keep most memories, lots of responsibility, authoritative(onlychildren) -middle child doesn’t voice opinion, works independently, isn’t paid as much attention as others, NOTICE ME, DON’T LEAVE ME OUT-because don’t get attention •Perceptual Development •Hearing: recognize parents by voice not face at first –Newborns can hear better than they can see –Auditory localization: can tell where sounds are coming from –Kohlberg’s theory of moral development •Social development –Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development •Adulthood •Cognitive development –Types of intelligence •Crystallized - accumulation of verbal skills and factual knowledge •Fluid - ability to reason logically and abstractly –Speed of processing •Life span versus Life expectancy –Span - maximum age possible form members of a given species •Upper boundary of life = 120 years –Expectancy - the number of years that an average member of a species is expected to live •Disease & Major Causes of Death •Acute versus chronic –Acute - relatively sudden onset & brief duration •Usually not the cause of death •Examples - flu, pneumonia –Chronic - slow onset & long duration •Can’t be fully cured - treat symptoms •Examples - arthritis, hypertension, heart disease •Major causes of death •Cardiovascular disease –Leading cause of death in US –Any problem with heart or blood circulation –1,000,000 deaths each year in US •1/2 of all deaths –Chance of suffering a fatal heart attack •25 - 44 1 in 4000 •45 - 64 1 in 300 •65 - 74 1 in 80 •Over 75 1 in 25 •Major causes of death •Cancer –Next most frequent cause of death –500,00 annually in US –1/5 Americans will experience cancer directly –75% will have a family member who contracts cancer –Lung cancer = most common •Major causes of death •Strokes –Cerebral artery becomes clocked - no blood flow to brain –Blood vessel ruptures - hemorrhage –Likelihood increases sharply with age –80% of first time stroke victims are 65 & up •Major causes of death •Accidents –From birth to age 44 more likely to die from an accident than from any other single cause –Odds are in your favor though •1 in 2300 –Older adults - relative low accident rate •Consequences more severe •Why? –65-74 - car accidents - most common cause of accidental death •Kubler-Ross - Stages of Dying •Interviewed 200 middle aged cancer patients •Series of 5 stages experienced as one copes with his/her own death •Stages –Denial –Anger –Bargaining –Depression –Acceptance