Psychological Disorders: Understanding Anxiety and Mood Disorders, Slides of Communication

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Introduction to Psychological Disorders Defining Disorder Unjustifiable • A behavior which does not have a rational basis Disturbing • A behavior which is troublesome to other people Atypical • A behavior so different from other people’s behavior that it violates a norm • Norms vary from culture to culture Early Views of Mental Illness • In ancient times, mental illness was usually explained through a supernatural model; the person was possessed or a sinner • During the Middle Ages treatment methods were inhumane and cruel Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) • French physician who worked to reform the treatment of people with mental disorders • Encouraged more humane treatment Understanding Disorders: The Medical Model Bio-Psycho-Social Model • Contemporary perspective that assumes biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors combine and interact to produce psychological disorders Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective Social (Roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder) Psychological Biological (Stress, trauma, learned (Evolution, individual helplessness, mood-related genes, brain structure perceptions and memories) and chemistry) Classifying Disorders DSM-IV-TR • Divides mental disorders into 17 major categories • Includes the symptoms but not the causes of each disease • Has changed significantly since the first edition Childhood Disorders General Overview • These disorders are developed in the childhood period of ones life. • Learning disorders [such as ADD/ADHD], substance abuse, autism, depression, and suicide are common disorders in the young population. • Childhood disorders can be caused by a combination of many factors. • Being aware and seeking treatment for these conditions is critical because if treated effectively, they can live a good, healthy adulthood. Effects of ADD/ADHD Physical (due to emotional stress, leads to): • headaches • stomach/back aches • pains in the hands/ legs Psychological: • aggressive or violent behavior • withdrawal, anxiety and depression • low self-esteem Autism • Autism is a complex neurobiological disorder that typically lasts throughout a person's lifetime • 1 in 150 individuals is diagnosed with autism, making it more common than pediatric cancer, diabetes, and AIDS combined • It occurs in all racial, ethnic, and social groups and is four times more likely to strike boys than girls Symptoms of Autism Three Common Symptoms are: • Social interactions and relationships – Significant problems developing nonverbal communication skills, such as eye-to-eye gazing, facial expressions, and body posture. • Verbal and nonverbal communication – Delay in, or lack of, learning to talk. As many as 40% of people with autism never speak • Limited interests in activities or play – An unusual focus on pieces or parts on something Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety: Vague feeling of apprehension or nervousness • Anxiety disorder: where anxiety begins to take control and dominate a person’s life Types of Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety disorders are divided into: – Generalized Anxiety Disorder – Panic Disorder – Phobia – Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder – Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Anxiety Disorders Generalized anxiety disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder Recurrent memories and dreams Apprehension and tenseness Gh iauivatic event Obsessive-compulsive disorder Anxiety controlled by repetitive thoughts and behaviors Panic disorder Anxiety escalating to overwhelming panic Phobia Anxiety becoming a focused fear Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety • Must have at least three of the following: – Restlessness – Feeling on edge – Difficulty concentrating/mind going blank – Irritability – Muscle Tension – Sleep Disturbance Panic Disorder • An anxiety disorder characterized by sudden bouts of intense, unexplained anxiety • Often associated with physical symptoms like choking sensations or shortness of breath • Panic attacks may happen several times a day Anxiety Disorders: Phobia Social Phobia • Phobias which produce fear in social situations • Fear of speaking in public Agoraphobia • Fear of situations the person views as difficult to escape from • Fear of leaving one’s home or room in the house Anxiety Disorders: Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder Anxiety Disorders: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder • An anxiety disorder characterized by reliving a severely upsetting event in unwanted recurring memories (flashbacks) and dreams Anxiety Disorders: Causes of Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Mood Disorders • Classification of disorders where there is a disturbance in the person’s emotions • Major types of mood disorders include: – Major Depressive Disorder – Bipolar Disorder – Dysthymic Disorder Mood Disorders Major depressive disorder Bipolar disorder Depressed mood lasting at least 2 weeks, diminished interest in activities, and other symptoms Alternating periods of mania and depression Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder Major Depressive Disorder • A mood disorder in which a person, for no apparent reason, experiences at least two weeks of – depressed moods, – diminished interest in activities, and – other symptoms, such as feelings of worthlessness Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder Biological Factors • Mood disorders have a hereditary nature to them. • Depressed individuals tend to have depressed brains. – PET scans indicate less activity during periods of depression. Social-Cognitive Factors • Depression may be a variation of learned helplessness. • Depressed individuals attribute events using the following characteristics: – Stable: the bad situation will last for a long time – Internal: they are at fault – Global: all of life is bad Dissociative, Schizophrenia, and Personality Disorders Types of Dissociative Disorders • Three main types: – Dissociative Amnesia – Dissociative Fugue – Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Amnesia • A dissociative disorder characterized by loss of memory in reaction to a traumatic event • Example: soldiers in combat Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder • Rare and controversial dissociative disorder in which an individual experiences two or more distinct and alternating personalities • Formerly called multiple personalities Dissociative Identity Disorder • Personalities can be different ages, sex, and self perception of characteristics • Three Faces of Eve • Sybil Schizophrenia Disorders: Symptoms of Schizophrenia Symptoms of Schizophrenia • Symptoms of schizophrenia include: – Delusions (false beliefs) – Hallucinations (false perceptions) – Inappropriate emotions or behaviors Delusions • False beliefs that are symptoms of schizophrenia and other serious psychological disorders • Four major types of delusions: – Grandeur – Persecution – Sin or guilt – Influence Delusions of Sin or Guilt • False beliefs that the person is responsible for some misfortune Delusions of Influence • False beliefs of being controlled by outside forces Hallucinations • False perceptions that are symptoms of schizophrenia or other serious psychological disorders • Types of hallucinations: – Auditory (hearing voices) – Visual (seeing things) – Tactile (feeling skin sensations) • Can also have distorted smell and taste Types of Schizophrenia Paranoid Delusions of persecution and grandeur Catatonic Excitement and stupor phases Undifferentiated Symptoms that don’t clearly fit one of the other types Disorganized Bizarre behavior, delusions, and hallucinations Paranoid Schizophrenia • Characterized by delusions, especially grandeur and persecution. Auditory and other hallucinations support the delusions. A Beautiful Mind Catatonic Schizophrenia • Characterized by variations in voluntary movement • Catatonic excitement – rapid movements with delusions and hallucinations • Catatonic stupor – little or no activity, movement, or speech (waxy flexibility) Schizophrenia Disorders: Causes Biological Factors - Genetics • Schizophrenia tends to run in families. • Genetics appears to produce a predisposition (increased likelihood) to develop schizophrenia. Genain Quadruplets Biological Factors – Brain Structure • Brain structure of those with schizophrenia is different than the normal brain • Those with schizophrenia have smaller amounts of brain tissue and larger fluid filled spaces. • The thalamus is smaller in those with schizophrenia. Psychological Factors • Two main areas: – Stress – Disturbed family – It’s unclear whether these are causes or consequences of schizophrenia. Personality Disorders Personality Disorders • Psychological disorders characterized by rigid and lasting behavior patterns that disrupt social functioning • Divided into three clusters: – Related to anxiety – With odd and eccentric behaviors – With dramatic or impulsive behaviors