Psychological Analysis: Human Needs & Personality Theories - Maslow, Freud & Humanistic, Exams of Nursing

Download Psychological Analysis: Human Needs & Personality Theories - Maslow, Freud & Humanistic and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Introduction to Psychology Final Exam Questions with 100% CORRECT ANSWERS BEST RATED A+ A person's internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking. Unique psychological qualities that influence a variety of characteristic patterns of behaviour and ways of thinking that determines a person's adjustment to the environment. - SOLUTION Personality Freud's term for what you are presently aware of - SOLUTION Conscious mind Freud's term for what is stored in your memory that you are not presently aware of but can access - SOLUTION Preconscious mind Freud's term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware of. - SOLUTION Unconscious mind The part of the personality that a person is born with, where the biological instinctual drives reside, and that is located totally in the unconscious mind. - SOLUTION Id The principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual drives without concern for the consequences - SOLUTION Pleasure principle The part of the personality that starts developing in the first year or so of life to find realistic outlets for the id's instinctual drives. - SOLUTION Ego The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality (norms of society). - SOLUTION Reality principle The part of the personality that represents one's conscience and idealized standards of behaviour. - SOLUTION Superego A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety. - SOLUTION Defense mechanism The area of the body where the id's pleasure-seeking energies are focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development. - SOLUTION Erogenous zone Some of the id's pleasure-seeking energies remaining in a psychosexual stage due to excessive or insufficient gratification of instinctual needs. - SOLUTION Fixation First stage in Freud's theory Birth to 18 months Erogenous zones are mouth, lips, tongue Child derives pleasure from oral activities such as biting, sucking, chewing - SOLUTION Oral stage of psychosexual development Second stage in Freud's theory 18 months to 3 years Erogenous zone is anus Child derives pleasure from stimulation of anal area through having and withholding anal movements - SOLUTION Anal stage of psychosexual devlopment Third stage in Freud's theory 3 to 6 years Erogenous zone is located at genitals Child derives pleasure from genital stimulation - SOLUTION Phallic stage of psychosexual development Freud Phallic stage conflict in which boy becomes sexually attracted to mother and fears his father will find out and castrate him. - SOLUTION Oedipus Conflict Process by which children adopt characteristics of same-sex parent and learn their gender role and sense of morality - SOLUTION Identification Fourth stage in Freud's theory 6 years to puberty No erogenous zone Sexual feelings are repressed and the focus is on cognitive and social development - SOLUTION Latency stage of psychosexual development Sheldon somatotype Heavy-set, muscular Noisy, callous, fond of physical activity - SOLUTION Mesomorph Type theory of personality Introvert vs. extrovert - SOLUTION Eysenck Type theory of personality Aggressive when frustrated, impatient, controlling. - SOLUTION Type A vs. Type B Characteristic patterns of behaviour or conscious motives. Assumed that most traits exist in all people to a certain degree and that we can measure the degree to which a trait exists in a person Thousands of words to describe traits. - SOLUTION Trait Theories of Personality In-class example of trait Belle - innocent, intellectual, happy, nice Gaston - arrogant, jerk, narcissistic - SOLUTION Beauty and the Beast Research has shown that various traits tend to cluster (or appear together) in various dimensions (or factors) - SOLUTION Factors Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism - tendency to experience negative effects - SOLUTION 5- Factor Model of Personality 5-Factor model of personality Tendency to experience negative effects - SOLUTION Neuroticism The scientific study of mental disorders and their treatment. - SOLUTION Abnormal psychology The current version of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic and classification guidelines for mental disorders. - SOLUTION Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) A disorder characterized by inflexible, long-standing personality traits that lead to behaviour that impairs social functioning and deviates from cultural norms. - SOLUTION Personality Disorder Explaining abnormality as the result of the interaction among biological, psychological (behavioural and cognitive), and sociocultural factors. - SOLUTION Biopsychosocial Approach Disorders in which excessive anxiety leads to personal distress and atypical, maladaptive, and irrational behaviour. - SOLUTION Anxiety Disorders An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of specific objects or situations that is excessive and unreasonable. - SOLUTION Specific Phobia An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of one or more social performance situations in which there is exposure to unfamiliar people or scrutiny by others. - SOLUTION Social Phobia An anxiety disorder indicated by a marked and persistent fear of being in places or situations from which escape may be difficult or embarrassing. - SOLUTION Agoraphobia An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurrent panic attacks. - SOLUTION Panic Disorder An anxiety disorder in which a person has excessive, global anxiety that he or she cannot control, for a period of at least 6 months. - SOLUTION Generalized Anxiety Disorder An anxiety disorder in which the person experiences recurrent obsessions or compulsions that are perceived by the person as excessive or unreasonable, but cause significant distress and disruption in the person's daily life. - SOLUTION Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder A persistent, intrusive thought, idea, impulse, or image that causes anxiety. - SOLUTION Obsession A repetitive and rigid behaviour that a person feels compelled to perform in order to reduce anxiety. - SOLUTION Compulsion Disorders that involve dramatic changes in a person's emotional mood that are excessive and unwarranted. - SOLUTION Mood Disorders A mood disorder in which the person has experienced one or more depressive episodes. - SOLUTION Major Depressive Disorder An episode characterized by symptoms such as feelings of intense hopelessness, low self-esteem and worthlessness, extreme fatigue, dramatic changes in eating and sleeping behaviour, inability to concentrate, and greatly diminished interest in family, friend, and activities for a period of 2 weeks or more. - SOLUTION Major Depressive Episode An episode characterized by abnormally elevated mood in which the person experiences symptoms such as inflated self-esteem with grandiose delusions, a decreased need for sleep, constant talking, distractability, restlessness, and poor judgment for a period of at least a week. - SOLUTION Manic Episode A mood disorder in which recurrent cycles of depressive and manic episodes occur. - SOLUTION Bipolar Disorder A disorder characterized by a loss of contact with reality. - SOLUTION Psychotic Disorder A false sensory perception. - SOLUTION Hallucination A false belief. - SOLUTION Delusion A psychotic disorder in which at least two of the following symptoms are present most of the time during a 1-month period: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behaviour, or negative symptoms such as loss of emotion. - SOLUTION Schizophrenia A biopsychosocial explanation of schizophrenia which proposes that genetic, prenatal, and postnatal biological factors render a person vulnerable to schizophrenia, but environmental stress determines whether it develops or not. - SOLUTION Vulnerability-Stress Model A counterconditioning exposure therapy in which the patient is exposed in graduated steps to computer simulations of a feared object or situation. - SOLUTION Virtual Reality Therapy A counterconditioning exposure therapy in which the patient is immediately exposed to a feared object or situation. - SOLUTION Flooding A style of psychotherapy in which the therapist attempts to change the person's thinking from maladaptive to adaptive. - SOLUTION Cognitive Therapy A type of cognitive therapy developed by Albert Ellis in which the therapist directly challenges the person's unrealistic thoughts and beliefs to show that they are irrational. - SOLUTION Rational-Emotive Therapy A type of cognitive therapy developed by Aaron Beck in whcih the therapist works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has the person carefully consider the evidence for his or her beliefs in order to see the errors in his or her thinking. - SOLUTION Beck's Cognitive Therapy Getting better with the passage of time without receiving any therapy. - SOLUTION Spontaneous Remission Identify but don't explain how behaviour is caused People are not always consistent in different situations Traits may emerge in more familiar situations No conception of development - SOLUTION Criticisms of both Type and Trait theories Criticism of type/trait theory Descriptive not explanatory - SOLUTION Identify but don't explain how behaviour is caused Criticism of type/trait theory Punctuality on exam days vs. regular lecture days - SOLUTION People not always consistent in different situations Criticism of type/trait theory When eating dinner at home you may be talkative but at a new girlfriend's house you may be quiet - SOLUTION Traits may emerge in familiar situations Give us a way to describe individual differences in behaviour Can be regarded as predispositions to respond in similar situations - SOLUTION Type and Traits Sigmund Freud Id. superego, ego Stages of psychosexual development - SOLUTION Psychodynamic Theory Physician from Vienna, Austria Interested in treatment of nervous disorders (hysterical blindness) Adopted "talking cure" though which patients were able to get rid of their symptoms by talking about their problems - SOLUTION Sigmund Freud Freud Nervous disorder - SOLUTION Hysterical Blindness Freud Patients able to get rid of their symptoms by talking about their problems - SOLUTION Talking Cure Freud Three parts of personality - SOLUTION Id, Superego, Ego Unconscious part of personality in which 2 types of instinct reside Life instincts Death instincts Operates on pleasure principle Seeks immediate satisfaction regardless of external considerations - SOLUTION Id Freud Found in Id Unconscious instincts, (eros), reflect a source of energy (libido) - SOLUTION Life instincts Freud Found in id Unconscious instincts Responsible for aggression and destruction - SOLUTION Death instincts Id Seeks immediate satisfaction of both instincts (life and death) regardless of external considerations (society's rules or rights of others) - SOLUTION Pleasure principle Relate to Freud's three aspects of personality Id - all below surface Superego - half below, half above Ego - half below, half above - SOLUTION Iceberg Model Freud Represents values and morals Just as relentless as Id in trying to get own way Seeks to keep Id in check - SOLUTION Superego Freud Operates on reality principle Balances Id and Superego - SOLUTION Ego (self) Mediating impulsive demands of id and restraining demands of superego with real-life demands of external world - SOLUTION Reality Principle Mr X sexually attracted to Ms Y (id) Mr X does not feel that he should have sex (superego) Mr X joins a club that Ms Y is in so he can be close to her (ego) - SOLUTION 3 personality parts working together To prevent anxiety - SOLUTION Why is it important to prevent unconscious conflicts between the id, superego, and ego becoming conscious? Used by the ego Stop unconscious conflicts (between id, superego, ego) becoming conscious Denial Projection Rationalization - SOLUTION Defense Mechanisms Phallic - SOLUTION Third stage of Psychodynamic Theory Latency - SOLUTION Fourth stage of Psychodynamic Theory Genital - SOLUTION Fifth stage of Psychodynamic Theory Freud Sexual - puberty - SOLUTION Genital Stage May cause problems later in life Anal fixation - problems during toilet training can lead to a compulsive, stubborn, stingy person - SOLUTION Why is there a problem if someone becomes fixated at a particular stage of Psychodynamic Theory? Based on what he observed with emotionally disturbed ADULT patients (even though it was concerned with development) - SOLUTION Criticisms of Psychodynamic Theory Constructs are ambiguous, difficult to define or test - SOLUTION Criticisms of Psychodynamic Theory Offer after-the-facts explanations, not predictive - SOLUTION Criticisms of Psychodynamic Theory Sexual conflicts from childhood are not the only cause of personality - SOLUTION Criticisms of Psychodynamic Theory Emphasis on internal conflict (no doubt that happens to ALL of us) - SOLUTION Positive aspects to Freud's thinking Discussion of sex led to scientific study of sexuality - SOLUTION Positive aspects to Freud's thinking Scope of theoretical contribution: unconscious, symptoms of various disorders, personality, family, development, memory, dreams, language (Freudian slips) - SOLUTION Positive aspects to Freud's thinking Relate to pyramid of human needs Emphasis on fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward high levels of functioning and fulfillment (adapt, learn, grow, excel) Concern with person's perception if him/herself in the present (no emphasis on childhood) Do not like idea of personality being pushed around by internal instincts - SOLUTION Humanistic Theories Humanistic theories - SOLUTION Which personality theory emphasizes the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward high levels of functioning and fulfillment? Emphasis on childhood (Freud does, Humanistic doesn't) Personality shaped by instincts (Freud does, Humanistic doesn't) - SOLUTION How do Freud's theories and Humanistic theories differ? Humanistic theories Innate push toward growth with all parts of personality working in harmony - SOLUTION Self-actualization Concepts are "fuzzy", unclear about nature of concepts - SOLUTION Criticisms of Humanistic Theory Neglect of environmental variables - SOLUTION Criticisms of Humanistic Theory Neglect of person's past - SOLUTION Criticisms of Humanistic Theory Inability to predict behaviour - SOLUTION Criticisms of Humanistic Theory Little to say about individual differences - SOLUTION Criticisms of Humanistic Theory Objective personality tests Behaviour observation Interviews Projective (unstructured) measures - SOLUTION Personality Assessment Techniques Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Assesses a number of psychiatric patterns simultaneously 567 questions Certain distinct patterns of responding for different types of mental disorders Yes/No questions - SOLUTION MMPI The scientific study of how we influence one another's behaviour and thinking - SOLUTION Social Psychology A change in behaviour, belief, or both to conform to a group norm as a result of real or imagined group pressure - SOLUTION Conformity Influence stemming from the need for information in situations which the correct action or judgment is uncertain - SOLUTION Informational Social Influence Influence stemming from our desire to gain the approval and to avoid the disapproval of others - SOLUTION Normative Social Influence Acting in accordance with a direct request from another person or group. - SOLUTION Compliance Compliance to a large request is gained by preceding it with a very small request. - SOLUTION Foot-in-the-door Technique Compliance is gained by starting with a large, unreasonable request that is turned down and following it with a more reasonable, smaller request - SOLUTION Door-in-the-face Technique Compliance to a costly request is gained by first getting compliance to an attractive, less costly request but then reneging on it - SOLUTION Low-ball Technique Compliance to a planned second request with additional benefits is gained by presenting this request before a response can be made to a first request. - SOLUTION That's-not-all Technique Following the commands of a person in authority - SOLUTION Obedience Facilitation of a dominant response on a task due to social arousal, leading to improvements on simple, well-learned tasks and worse performance on Person describes ambiguous picture or pattern - SOLUTION Projective (unstructured) measures Thematic Aperception Test - SOLUTION TAT Ambiguous picture, no right or wrong answer Story you tell will describe your personality Does the person identify with the hero or victim of the story? Look for certain themes (eg failure) - SOLUTION Thematic Aperception Test Inkblots Location, contents, determinants (eg colour, shading) Using whole inkblot indicates integrative thinking Using colour indicates a emotionality and impulsiveness Describing movement indicates imagination or a rich inner life - SOLUTION Rorschach Test Low predictive values (don't predict people's personality) - SOLUTION Criticism of personality assessment tests See something of ourselves in the abnormal Have felt pain and bewilderment of a psychological disorder through ourselves, family, or friends - SOLUTION Why are people fascinated with abnormal psychology? A difference in the degree to which behaviour or thinking resembles an agreed upon criteria (varies with culture and times, often based on statistics) - SOLUTION Norm violation Involves behaviour and thinking Must meet a certain set of criteria: MUDA - SOLUTION Abnormality (related to psychological disorders) Abnormal Psychology: Maladaptive Unjustifiable Disturbing (to others) Atypical - SOLUTION MUDA Helps in describing, treating and researching disorders Assumes Medical Model 203 disorders and conditions Classifies, but does not attribute cause - SOLUTION DSM IV (1994) 26.2% 57.7 million adults - SOLUTION In any given year, how many American adults have suffered from a diagnosable mental disorder? Phobias - SOLUTION What is the number one disorder ever experienced? Alcohol (substance) abuse - SOLUTION What is the number two disorder ever experienced? Mood disorders (including depression) - SOLUTION What is the number three disorder ever experienced? Men - SOLUTION Who is more likely to suffer with alcohol abuse? Women - SOLUTION Who is more likely to suffer with phobias? Women - SOLUTION Who is more likely to suffer with mood disorders? Men - SOLUTION Who is more likely to suffer with antisocial personality disorder? Personality Disorder Anxiety Disorder Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Affective (Mood) Disorders Psychotic Disorders Eating Disorders - SOLUTION Types of mental disorder Longstanding, inflexible, maladaptive patterns of perceiving, thinking, or behaving - SOLUTION Personality disorder Narcissistic Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder - SOLUTION Subtypes of Personality Disorder Need for constant attention Respond inappropriately to criticism Grandiose sense of self importance - SOLUTION Narcissistic Personality Disorder Person does not grow out of view that he/she is the center of the world (centrism) - SOLUTION What causes people to suffer from Narcissistic Personality Disorder? Formally called sociopath or psychopath Typically male Violate rights of others - violent, criminal, unethical, exploitative (Hannibal Lecter) - SOLUTION Antisocial Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder - SOLUTION Hannical Lecter Narcissistic Personality Disorder - SOLUTION Gaston Emotional deprivation in early childhood (attachment issues) Learned from parents Arrested moral development Brain abnormalities Heredity - SOLUTION What causes people to suffer from Antisocial Personality Disorder? Originally grouped under "neurosis" Anxiety inappropriate to circumstance or defenses that ward off anxiety - SOLUTION Anxiety Disorders Phobias Generalized Anxiety Disorders Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Panic Disorder Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - SOLUTION Subtypes of Anxiety Disorder Intense and irrational fear (no real danger or exaggerated danger) of some object or situation - SOLUTION Phobia Not focused like a phobia (free-floating) Impulsive Unrealistic optimism High energy Severe agitation - SOLUTION Manic Disorder Swings between low and manic states - SOLUTION Bipolar Disorder Psychoanalytic: real or imagined loss of a loved one turns anger against oneself (depression) Behavioural: lack of reinforcement (depression) Cognitive: negative and self-blaming thoughts (depression) Biological: heredity, neurotransmitters (low levels of seratonin) - SOLUTION Why Affective Disorders? Schizophrenia - SOLUTION Psychotic Disorders Out of touch with reality Prevalent (2% will have episode) 1/2 countries mental health beds occupied by schizophrenics - SOLUTION Schizophrenia Pervasive thought disturbance Fluid thinking Difficulty with selective attention Withdrawal from social contact Delusions (misinterpret real events) Paranoid (perceive personal threat where there is none) Hallucinations (no actual stimulus) Bizarre behavioiur (catatonic, odd gestures) More sensitive to sensory stimuli - SOLUTION Schizophrenia Symptoms Cognitive: inability to keep things in proper focus Biological: viral infection during pregnancy, heredity, neurotransmitter (too much dopamine) - SOLUTION Why Schizophrenia? Deprive oneself of food or prevent food from being digested Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa - SOLUTION Eating Disorders 1% of all adolescents, 95% are female Fanatical dieting (self-starvation) Intense interest in food but view eating with disgust Not aware that dieting behaviour is abnormal Menstruation cycle often affected - SOLUTION Anorexia nervosa Binge on high calorie foods in a short period of time, then purge Secretive behaviour Aware that behaviour is abnormal - SOLUTION Bulimia Nervosa At a time when young women are coming to grips with their changing bodies and sexuality, society bombards them with ads for rich foods and ads espousing a slim body. (Anorexia) Overdependence on parents may lead to fear of becoming sexually mature and independent. By not eating you delay sexual maturity. - SOLUTION Why Eating Disorders? Side effects: blurred vision, dry mouth Regulating dosage Drug dependence Interaction of drugs Not necessarily a cure, just dampening symptoms - SOLUTION Problems of Drug Therapy Pre-frontal lobotomy: cut connection between thalamus and frontal lobes Thought to disconnect person from emotions and past trauma Brain damage, including loss of memory, emotion, personality Only used in extreme cases (intractable psychosis) - SOLUTION Psychosurgery Electrical current put through brain at each side of forehead Loss of consciousness followed by convulsive seizure Originally used with schizophrenia, now used for severe depression Used only if drugs are ineffective or person is suicidal May increase norepinephrine which elevates arousal and mood - SOLUTION Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) 4 stages Diagnosis, Etiology, Prognosis, Treatment - SOLUTION Treatment of Psychpathology Deal with body by changing brain's functioning Typically done by psychiatrists - SOLUTION Biomedical Treatment Bloodletting Dunking in water Trephining (drilling holes in skull) - SOLUTION Past Biomedical Treatment Drug Therapy - SOLUTION Current Biomedical Treatment Anti-psychotics: chlorpromazine (block dopamine which has been implicated as possible cause of schizophrenia) Tranquilizers: calm and relax (valium and librium) Antidepressants: increase norepinephrine and seratonin (prozac) Lithium: bipolar disorder - SOLUTION Drug Therapy Use of psychological methods to help people modify their behaviour so they can more satisfactorily adjust to their environment - SOLUTION Psychotherapy Emotional reeducation Interpersonal learning Having person achieve greater self-knowledge - SOLUTION What does psychotherapy involve? Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Behaviour Therapy (Behaviour Modification) Aversion Therapy Cognitive Therapy - SOLUTION Types of Psychotherapy Problems stem from unconscious defenses pitted against unacceptable urges dating back to childhood Person must gain access to his buried thoughts and wishes, gain insight and resolve them (intrapsychic harmony) Victory of reason over passion - SOLUTION Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Therapy Therapist sits behind patient, remaining neutral and mostly silent Free association Interpreting Dreams