Definitions of Key Social Sciences Concepts, Exams of Sociology

Download Definitions of Key Social Sciences Concepts and more Exams Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! Introduction to Sociology Exam 3 Rated 100% Correct. Race - Correct Answer A category of people who share certain inherited physical characteristics, such as skin color, facial features, and stature. Ethnicity - Correct Answer The shared social, cultural, and historical experiences, stemming from common national or regional backgrounds, that make subgroups of a population different from one another. Stereotyping - Correct Answer The categorization of large numbers of people by prejudiced individuals. Minority Group - Correct Answer A group that is excluded or denied full participation and is stereotyped, ridiculed, condemned, or otherwise defamed. Ethnic Group - Correct Answer A subgroup of a population with: A set of shared social, cultural, and historical experiences, relatively distinctive beliefs, values, and behaviors, and some sense of identity of belonging to the subgroup. Ethnic Pride - Correct Answer The sense of self-worth that many people derive from their ethnic backgrounds. Frustration-Aggression Theory - Correct Answer A theory which states that acts of prejudice and discrimination are motivated by anger and frustration individuals feel when they cannot achieve their work or goals. Scapegoating - Correct Answer A form of aggressive action motivated by frustration against minority groups because an individual is unable to vent frustration toward the real target or cause. Prejudice - Correct Answer Attitudes, beliefs, and judgments that prejudge a group, usually negatively and not based on facts Racism - Correct Answer Any attitude, belief, or institutional arrangement that favors one racial group over another; this favoritism may result in intentional or unintentional consequences for minority groups. Discrimination - Correct Answer Actions taken against members of a minority group. Individual Discrimination - Correct Answer Action taken against minority group members which can take the form of exclusion, avoidance, or violence. Institutional Discrimination - Correct Answer Intentional and unintentional actions ingrained in the normal or routine part of the way an organization operates that have consequences that restrict minority group members. Family - Correct Answer A group of two or more people who are related by blood, marriage, adoption, or a mutual commitment and who care for one another. Nuclear Family - Correct Answer A family composed of two parents and their children living in the same household. Extended Family - Correct Answer A family in which parents, children, and other relatives live in the same household. Monogamy - Correct Answer One man and one woman are married only to each other. Polygamy - Correct Answer The marriage of one person to two or more people at a time. Self-Fulfilling Prophesy - Correct Answer The incorporation of stereotyped behavior into an individual's view of themselves. Polygyny - Correct Answer One man having many wives. Polyandry - Correct Answer One woman having many husbands. Endogamy - Correct Answer Marriage within a social category or group, including race, ethnicity, social class, and religion. Exogamy - Correct Answer Marriage between two people from different social categories or groups Patrilineal - Correct Answer Inheritance through the male line. Matrilineal - Correct Answer Inheritance through the female line. Patriarchal Family - Correct Answer A family where the husband and father holds the main authority in the household. Matriarchal Family - Correct Answer A family where the wife and mother holds the main authority in the household. Religious conservatism - Correct Answer The belief that a return to the teachings of the Bible and religious spirituality is necessary to combat the corrupting influences of modern life. C. Wright Mills - Correct Answer He coined the term Sociological Imagination. Sociological Imagination - Correct Answer Recognizing the relationship between individual experiences and public issues, distinguishing between personal troubles and public issues, and seeing that individual troubles can be linked to societal variables Sources of Social Change - Correct Answer Population growth and composition, culture and technology, cultural lag, the natural environment, and social conflict Collective Behavior - Correct Answer Relatively spontaneous and relatively unstructured behavior by large numbers of individuals acting with or being influenced by other individuals. Fad - Correct Answer A rather insignificant activity or product that is popular for a relatively short time Craze - Correct Answer A temporary activity that attracts the obsessive enthusiasm of a relatively small group of people Rumor - Correct Answer A story based on unreliable sources that is nonetheless passed on from one person to another person. Mass Hysteria - Correct Answer Widespread, intense fear of and concern for a danger that turns out to be false or greatly exaggerated. Moral Panic - Correct Answer Widespread concern over a perceived threat to the moral order that turns out to be false or greatly exaggerated. Crowd - Correct Answer A large number of people who gather together with a common short-term or long-term purpose. Casual Crowd - Correct Answer A collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time. Ex. Restaurant Conventional Crowd - Correct Answer A collection of people who gather for a specific purpose. Ex. Basketball game Expressive Crowd - Correct Answer A collection of people who gather primarily to be excited and to express one or more emotions. Ex. Football game winners Acting Crowd - Correct Answer A collection of people who behave in violent or other destructive behavior. Ex. Looters Protest Crowd - Correct Answer A collection of people who gather to protest a political, social, cultural, or economic issue. Riot - Correct Answer A relatively spontaneous outburst of violence by a large group of people. Protest Riot - Correct Answer A riot that expresses discontent regarding a political, social, cultural, or economic issue. Celebration Riot - Correct Answer A riot that expresses joy or delight over an event or outcome. Purposive Riot - Correct Answer Riots that arise from dissatisfaction regarding a particular issue and are intended to achieve a specific goal regarding that issue. Symbolic Riot - Correct Answer A riot that expresses general discontent but does not really aim to achieve a specific goal Social Movement - Correct Answer An organized effort by a large number of people to bring about or impede social change. Reform Movement - Correct Answer A movement that seeks limited and significant changes in some aspect of a nation's political, economic, or social systems. Ex. Civil Rights Movement Revolutionary Movement - Correct Answer A movement that seeks to overthrow the existing government and to bring about a new one and even a new way of life. Ex. Malcolm X Reactionary Movement - Correct Answer A movement that tries to block social change or to reverse social changes that have already been achieved. Self-Help Movement - Correct Answer A movement that involves people trying to improve aspects of their personal lives. Ex. Alcoholics Anonymous Religious Movement - Correct Answer A movement that aims to reinforce religious beliefs among their members and to convert other people to these beliefs.