Introduction to Sociology - Lecture Notes | SOC 100, Study notes of Introduction to Sociology

Download Introduction to Sociology - Lecture Notes | SOC 100 and more Study notes Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter |. Win .s Socioloey? always in tux. Meanwhile, as the postmodernist understanding has grown, we have seen a resurgence of premodem ideas. V. Sociolngy in the 21% Century, Sociology and You: Sociology has undergone major changes over the past several decades, reflecting the major changes in the world it studies. Sociology’s unigue way of seeing the world, and its efforts to include women and racial, ethnic, and sexual minorities among its practitioners, makes it a vital social science in academia today. Key Terms from Chapter One canon: the core texts or thinkers in an academic field (p. 21). conflict theory: theory that sugjests that the dynamics of society, both of social order and social resistance, are the result of the conflict among different groups (p. 26). generalized other: a person’s notion of the common values, norms, and expectations of other people in a society (p. 21). globalization: the cconomt, political, cultural, and social interconnections among diflerent groups of people all over the world, a dynamic web that connects us to one another and also creates cleavayes among different groups of people (p. 27) latent functions: the hidden, unintended functions of an institution or intcraction (p. 25) macrolevel analysis: analysis focused on large-scale institutional processes (p. 27). manifest functions: the overt and obvious functions of an institution or interaction (p. 25). McDoualtization: the homogenizing spread of consumerism around the globe (p. 31). mechanical solidarity: form of solidarity in traditional society, where Isfe is uniform and people are sunilar and share a common culture and sense of morality (p. 18) mircrolevel analysis: analysis focused on ways in which difierent groups of people and even individuals construct their identities based on membership in those groups (p. 27) modernism: the belief in evolutionary progress through the application of science (p. 32). multicultaralism: literally, the understanding of many cultures: a way to understand the very different ways that different groups of people approach issues, construct identities, and crvate institutions that express their needs (p. 27) organic solidarity: form of solidarity in modern society, where there is a division of labor and diverse and conflicting interests, and common values are less obvious (p. 18) 2  Ustructor's Manuiai for Sociology ‘8 paradigm: a coherent model of how socicty works and how individuals are sociahzed into their roles within it (p. 24) postmoderniym: perspective that suggests that the meaning of social life may not be found in conforming to rigid paticims of development but rather in the creative 3 sembling of interactions and interpretations that enable us to negotiate our way in the world (p 43) social Darwinism: theory that saw each succeeding society as improving on the one before it ip. 20). sociological imagination: sces our lives a8 cunfextual lives — our individual (dents are sensible only in the social contexts in which we tind ourselves (Pp. *). sociology: the study of human behavior in society (p. 5). structural tunctionalism: theory that social life consists of several distinct integrated levels chat enable the world—and individuals who are within in—to lind stabitity, order. and meaning (p. 24) symbolic interactionism: theory that examines how an individual’s mteractions with his or her environment help people develop a sense of “self” (p. 24). Key People from Chapter One Auguste Comte. }'rench theorist who coined the term “suciology” (p. 14). Alexis de Tocqueville: French theorist and historian known for his studies of Americun democracy (p. 15) Frederick Douglass: the most important Atrican American intellectual of the nineteenth century, whose work focused on the cruelty and illoguc of slavery (p. 22) W. LK. B. Du Bois: African American scholar who was one of the greatest sociologists in our history, best known for his work on racial inequality and race relations (p. 22). Emile Durkheim: early sociologist who looked for the social origins of even the most individual and persoual issues, as in lis classic study of suicide (p. 16). Margaret Fuller: America’s first fornale foreign correspondent, whose work became the intellectual foundation of the American women's nwvernent (p. 21) Charlotte Perkins Gilman: catly feminist socioloyist who examuned how wonien’s economic dependence on men encourised “toninine’ behaviors (p. £2) yituals: process by which members of a culture engage in a routine behavior to express their sensu of belonging to the culture (p. 47) Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: concluded that language itself provides a cultural [ons through which people perevive the warld, as opposed to the common sense belief that the function of language is to express the world we already perecive (p. 46) subcultures: a group of people within a cultwre who share some distinguishing characteristic. beliets, values, or attribute that sets them apart from the dominant culture (p. 43). symbol: anything that caries additional Meanings beyond itself ta others who share in the culture (p, 45) values: the ethical foundations of a culture (p31). Kev People trom Chapter Two Pierre Bourdieu: French sociologist who argued that ditlcrent proups possess “cultural capital,” a resource that those in the dominant class can use to justify their dominance (p. 58) Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf anthropologists who developed the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, which describes the relationship between perception and language (p, 46) Aan Swidler: sociolovist who developed the concept of culm us a “tool kit? (p. 0.2). William Graham Sumner: sociologist who coined the term “cthnocentrism” (p. 42) Try It Exercise: Thinking about Culture in Everyday Lite (p. 42) Modified from an activi: submitted by Jonathan Marx. Winthrop University OBJECTIVE: Understand the waportance of culture in evervday life. STEP 1: Plan Your instructor will either ask you to think about something that represents your culture or Subculture or you may be asked to bring a material artifuct (food, clothing, music, phato, or other object) that would help someone understand your culture, STEP 2: Share Briefly sbare what first came ta mind (or the actual object) Identify yourself by name and talk about the cultural/subcultural group(s) you represent lnstrueior’s Manual for Soc‘oiogy Now Key Terms trom Chapter Thr: achieved status: a status we attain through talent, ability, effort, or other unique personal characteristics (p. 77), ascribed status: a status that we reccive involuntarily, without regard to our unique talents, skills, or accomplishinents (p. 77). bureaucracy: a forrnal organization characterized by a division of labor, a hierarchy of authority, formal rules governing behavior, a logic of rationality and an impersonality of criteria (p. 94) bureaucratic personality: term used to describe the personatity of people wha become more committed to following the correcl procedures than they are 1o getting the job done (p 97) coercive organizations: organizations im which membership is not voluntary (p. 92) crowd: an agercgate of individuals who happen to be together but experience themselves as essentially independent (p. 81) dramaturgy: Erving Goffman’s theory of social life, based around his concept of impression management (p. 73). dyad: a group of two {p. 81). ethnomethodology- sociological tradition in which the researcher tries to expose the common unstated assumptions that enable conversational shortouls to work (p. 75). face work: concept from Goffman’s dramaturgy theory, it is our attempt to give the best possible performance in our social interactions (p. 74) group: any assortment of people who share (or believe they share) the same norms, values. and expectations (p. 81). group cohesion: the degree to wnich the individual members of a group identify with each other and the group (p. 81). groupthink: the process by which group members try to preserve harmony and umily in spile of their individual judgments (p. 87). hardcore members: members of a group who have a great deal of power to make policy decisions (p. 85)  apier wolery. Inveractions, Ureuis. age Oreaiuzanes impression management: when people actively try to control how others perceive them by changing their behavior to correspond to an ideal of what the others wail find most appealing (p. 73) jn-group: a group a person feels positively Loward and to which the >erson belongs (p. 83 in-group heterogeneity: concept describing the fact that we are keenly aware of the subtle dillerences among members of our in-groups (p 84). leader: someone in charge of a group (p. 85). looking-glass self: Charlos Horton Cooley s concept that arfues that identity is tormed through social interaction (p. 72). master status: when an asenbed or achieved status 1s presumed iv important chat it overshadows all of the other statuses, dominating our lives and controlling our position in society (Pp. 78) network: a cype of group that is both looser and denser than a formal group (p. 88) normative organization: organization people join to pursue some interest or obtain some sort of satisfaction (p. 91) organization: large secondary group designed to accomplish specific tasks in an efficient manner (p. 91). out-group: 1 group to which a person does not belong and does not fee! positively toward (p 83) out-group homogeneity: concept de “ibing our tendency to view all meinbers of our oul- groups as the samme (p. 84). primary group: groups that come tovether for expressive reasons (to provide emoliona! support. love, companionship, and security) (p. 82). reference group: a group toward which we are so strongly committed, or which commands so much prestige, that we orient our actions around what we believe that zroup’s perceptions would be (p. 84). role: seis of behaviors that are expected of a person who occupies a certain status (p. 79). role conflict: occurs when we iry to play different roles with cxtemely diflerent or contradictory mules at the same time (p. 80). role exif: the process of adjustment that takes place when we move ont of a role that #s central to our identity (p. 80).