Download Study Guide for Exam: Psychology and Neuroscience - Prof. E. Geller and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Study Guide Exam 2 Vision: Retina: the transducer (converts one form of energy into another), image is projected onto it backwards and upside down, retina converts it for brain. Plasticity of visual cortex – takes info and makes sense of it, can adjust (experiment) Consciousness (Freud): processes for which a person is subjectively aware Id: aggressive, sexual, gratification principle, instinctual, irrational, selfish Ego: manager, satisfies needs of Id and keeps with morals and realistic, reality principle Superego: ideas, morals and conscience Preconscious: processes not presently conscious, but could be quickly, trivial pursuit Unconscious: processes inaccessible to consciousness because they have been repressed Iceberg Model: Conscious level is all Ego, preconscious level is half ego, half superego, unconscious level is mostly Id Freudian Slip: Say something that you're thinking but didn't mean to say Sleep: Why: refresh bodies, tired, etc. Circadian Rhythms: Internal patterns of bodily functions over a ~24hour period EEG activity: amplitude (height), frequency (length), wake high freq, low amp, later – low freq, high amp, REM sleep – high freq, low amp Stages of Sleep: REM – dream sleep Stage 1 light sleep Stage 2 – slower eye movements and brain waves Stage 3&4 – deep sleep, low freq, delta waves; Full cycle takes 90120 minutes, more deep sleep early, REM sleep later Age and sleep: less REM, more trouble sleeping through night Sleep Deprivation: cognitive and motor impairment, irritability Alcohol and sleep: impairs REM sleep Dreaming: Psychodynamic – unconscious minds talk to us, mean something Freud – stories symbols wishes manifest content – story of dream latent content – hidden meaning that is important Jung – symbolism and latent content isn't so important, dreams are deep and instinctive feelings and thoughts, content and symbolism of dreams is shared by all Cognitive – important, but no hidden meaning, extensions or thoughts or wishes during the day; Day Residue Dreams are the product of neurons firing at night because we used those same neurons during the day Physiological (Hobson) – Brain activity of REM is important for memory formation, images are formed, dreams are random meaningless neuron firings that brain scrambles Hypnosis: trancelike state of consciousness characterized by deep relaxation and suggestibility helps relaxation and pain management Views: Actually an altered state of mind, isn't Misconceptions: only dumb people, faking it, bizarre things, helps memory Meditation: Methods of relaxation, through clearing one’s mind and focusing on basic bodily processes like breathing Mindfulness: focuses on present moment Therapeutic Benefits: focus and concentration, cardiovascular health Psychotropic Drugs: operate on the nervous system to alter mental activity, conscious experience Categories: Depressants: (alcohol, tranquilizers) Stimulants: (amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine) Hallucinogens: (marijuana, LSD, peyote) Mesolimbic Pathway: neural pathways, dopamine Examples: LSD: effects NT Serotonin, euphoria, sense of wellbeing, some perceptual distortion, “flashbacks” hallucinations, disinhibits neural pathways for dreaming Peyote: similar to LSD Marijuana: TCH is active ingredient, binds to areas throughout body, including canniboid receptors in the brain, effects pleasure, impaired learning, time distortion, loss of motor skills Caffeine: pathways mesolimbic (dopamine), low doses can be positive (energy), and at higher doses negative (hostiliy, bad mood), increase blood pressure and heart disease risk Tolerance/Withdrawal: must take more to get the same effect, body stops producing things drug gives and needs them, learned association Memory: The ability to recall past events, ideas, or previously learned information, the storage system that allows a person to retain and retrieve the information Theory: Encoding:when information is first learned, organizing it and getting it into the mind Storage: memories held over time, as we rehearse, we store them Retrieval: memory is recalled, behavioral response is performed Information Processing Model: Info>Sensory Register>ShortTerm Memory>Longterm Memory Frailty/Limitations: Decay: goes away Motivated Forgetting: repress Proactive: previous learning interferes with new learning