Download The Impact of Pests on Agriculture: A Historical Perspective from Silent Spring to IPM and more Slides Pest Management in PDF only on Docsity! IPM Evolution Continued Reading Assignment Norris et al. Chapter 2. Pests and Their Impacts. Pp. 15 - 45 Silent Spring Aftermath • 1963 – President’s Science Advisory Committee issues report calling for reducing pesticides’ effects. • 1963 – Senate calls for creation of Environmental Protection Commission • Early – mid ’60’s – Increased sensitivity in analytical equipment enables detection of ppb’s. Including other chemicals. • 1965 – First pesticide food tolerances As the Effects Spread … • Public became increasingly negative toward chemical companies. • 1970 – EPA established. • 1972 – DDT banned (biomagnification) • 1973 – IBP project started – Emphasized pest control as a system – Introduced pest modeling/decision tools – Only for insects IPM Concept Solidifies in the 1970’s • 1975 – First textbook, Metcalf & Luckman (former had been criticized in SS) • 1978 – CIPM project replaces IBP – Included weeds & plant pathogens – Included economic analyses • 1978 – KY statewide IPM program began Significance of Pests in IPM By Wednesday, Read Norris et al. Chapter 5, Comparative Biology of Pests Impact Related to Direct & Indirect Effects Comparison of Direct and Indirect Pests Characteristic Direct Indirect Commodity Marketable Non-Marketable Yield-Pest Relationship Simple Complex Pest Status Usually Key Pest Any Pest Group Insects & Pathogens Any Farmer Tolerance Low Higher General Impact of Pests -- Injury • Consumption of plant parts • Chemical toxins, elicitors, and signals • Physical damage • Loss of harvest quality • Cosmetic damage • Vectoring of pathogens • Direct contamination Tissue Injury to Leaves Abscission -- Leaf prematurely dropped by the plant, often while still green. Tissue Injury to Leaves Bleaching Leaf turns white or nearly so. Usually caused by using the wrong herbicide. Tissue Injury to Leaves Chlorosis Leaf tissue loses its chlorophyll and turns yellow. May occur in spots. Chlorosis in soybeans. Individual leaves (left) and at the field level (right). Tissue Injury to Leaves Edge Feeding Leaves chewed and eaten from the edges. Feeding lesions can have smooth or jagged edges. Usually caused by insects w/chewing mouthparts. Leaf edge feeding on rhododendron leaves by adult black vine root weevils. Tissue Injury to Leaves Hole Feeding Leaves have holes chewed through them. Caused by insects w/chewing mouthparts. Yellow poplar weevil adult feeding on yellow poplar Tissue Injury to Leaves Mines Caused by small, immature beetles or flies that live in-between the upper and lower leaf surfaces. The shape of the mine, along with the plant species being attacked, is useful in identifying the pest species involved. Frass-linear leaf mine on birch leaf. Mines come in many shapes. Tissue Injury to Leaves Rolling Leaf is rolled up like a cigar. Usually caused by caterpillars that use the rolled leaf as a pupation chamber. Leaves may be rolled entirely (above) or only partially (left). Tissue Injury to Leaves Shothole Small holes in a straight line across the leaf. Usually caused by insects that bore through the developing leaf when the un-emerged leaf is still rolled up in the plant’s whorl. Tissue Injury to Leaves Skeletonization Leaf tissue between the veins is removed but the veins remain intact leaving a skeleton-like appearance. Lindin leaf skeletonized by Japanese beetle. Note that the distal leaf tissue is relatively normal looking indicating that the leaf veins are fully functional.
