ISA Utility Specialist (Chapters 1-7) Questions and Answers 2023, Exams of Nursing

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ISA Utility Specialist (Chapters 1-7) Questions and Answers 2023 In the U.S., enforcement of safety work rules resides with: - ✅ Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) Utility pruning is the pruning of trees located in the vicinity of power lines for the purpose of __________ __________ __________. - ✅ ensuring reliable service A comprehensive vegetation management program should be __________ rather than reactive, & based on principals of __________ vegetation management. - ✅ proactive; integrated What is a volt? - ✅ a unit of electrical force Major storms or __________ weather events are the usual cause of power outages over large areas. - ✅ catastrophic Without __________, messages can have multiple meanings. - ✅ context ISA BMPs provide a practical guide for implementing __________ __________. - ✅ industry standards Electrical resistance determines how much __________ is required to move electricity along a conductor and is measured in __________. - ✅ energy; ohms When communicating, a person's experience & __________ will influence how the person reacts. - ✅ perceptions Crew mobilization for a storm event is much more rapid from a __________ status. - ✅ standby NERC standards are specific to what line voltages? - ✅ 200 kV & above An important first step in any vegetation management program should be to asses system conditions, which is often done through an __________. - ✅ inventory Which type of cuts are less unacceptable? - ✅ internodal cuts (e.g. topping) A worker neglecting to wear cut-resistant chaps while operating a chainsaw is committing an unsafe __________, while an employer failing to provide chaps is creating an unsafe __________. - ✅ act; condition A conductor carrying more than __________ volts would be considered a NERC line. - ✅ 200,000 Communication is both verbal & nonverbal. When a customer is confronted with contradictory information, the person will usually believe the __________ message. - ✅ nonverbal Voluntary safety standards for pruning, trimming, repairing, maintaining & removing trees, & cutting brush: - ✅ ANSI Z133 NERC standards require the reporting of all tree caused outages by __________ categories - ✅ three A traditional cycle will schedule maintenance __________ trees grow into conductors. - ✅ before Which type of cuts are more acceptable? - ✅ nodal cuts (e.g. drop-crotch, thinning) The __________-__________ rule suggests that workers should take time before starting a job to check for potentially unsafe conditions & discuss them. - ✅ two-minute According to ANSI Z133, the minimum approach distance for persons other than qualified line-clearance arborists for 50 kV & less is __________. - ✅ 10 feet Trees growing into contact with a single-phase distribution conductor pose __________ threat of a tree-ground fault. - ✅ little Where should the final cut be made for proper utility pruning? - ✅ just outside of the branch bark ridge and the branch collar A vegetation management scheduling unit may be an entire __________ or a __________ __________. - ✅ circuit; geographical area 2 examples of protective equipment: - ✅ circuit breakers lightning receptors On a storm site, cutting should not begin until all risks have been assessed & the __________ approach has been decided & adopted. - ✅ safest When is it acceptable to deviate from the pruning standards? - ✅ during storm restoration Besides pruning, __________ & __________ treatments are often part of an integrated vegetation management program. - ✅ mechanical & herbicide When installing underground conductors, __________ should be used in tree root protection zones. - ✅ tunneling Crew members should always refer customer relations questions about the status of power restoration to: - ✅ the utility The __________ has been adopted by most states & regulatory bodies throughout the U.S. as the recognized document providing safety provisions for those working with or near electric supply equipment. - ✅ NESC (National Electrical Safety Code) Customer relations are important during a storm response, but are necessarily a lower priority than: - ✅ safety & power restoration Because most electrical lines are located on private property, utilities typically secure __________ to facilitate maintenance of their lines. - ✅ easements The safety acronym S.T.A.R. is valuable for preventing errors, & stands for: - ✅ Stop, Think, Act, Review Distribution transformers typically __________ primary circuit voltage for the end user. - ✅ reduce Vegetation can be chemically controlled in a selective manner with either a selective __________, or a selective __________. - ✅ herbicide; application True or False? There are no published safety data related specifically to utility arboriculture. - ✅ true Communication between vegetation managers, contractors, supervisors, & workers should be both __________ & __________. - ✅ written & verbal Mowing often __________ woody stem count. - ✅ increases Amp: - ✅ the measure of electrical current When responding to a storm emergency, the highest priority for crews should be to: - ✅ work on the circuits feeding hospitals Because customers are well-informed & expect professionalism, a __________ __________ is the best utility representative to discuss line clearance with them. - ✅ utility arborist Service lines and secondary distribution lines usually carry voltage between __________-__________ volts. - ✅ 120-240 Contract tree crew members can reduce customer concerns about utility work on their property by: - ✅ dressing & conducting themselves professionally When arriving on a storm site, the highest priority for the crew foreman is to: - ✅ immediately identify & locate downed electrical lines Long-term planning is __________, while short-term planning is __________. - ✅ strategic; tactical Which utility right-of-way herbicide application practice is most appropriate for brush control in areas with sensitive public relations issues? - ✅ basal treatment In the U.S., pruning should be conducted according to __________ __________. - ✅ ANSI A300 Of the following, which is an example of an unsafe act? - Willful rule violation - Maliciousness - Human error - ✅ all of them When a tree contacts one electrical conductor, it may cause a __________-to- __________ fault. - ✅ phase-ground fault Listening to & acknowledging the customer's concerns about tree work on their property is a good way to: - ✅ establish a good customer-utility relationship Of the following conditions, which is most likely to fail & cause an electrical outage in a moderate storm? - An open trunk cavity - Codominant leaders with included bark - Overhanging, live branches - A decurrent tree form - ✅ overhanging, live branches __________ are documents that describe, instruct, & direct work results. - ✅ specifications Mobilizing crews for herbicide work is easiest when they utilize __________ __________. - ✅ backpack sprayers Utility pruning removes the leaves and reduces a tree's __________ growth, but remaining __________ may grow more. - ✅ overall; shoots The term accident is in disfavor because it implies that outcomes are due to __________ __________, & is better referred to as an __________. - ✅ bad luck; incident The three most common events for fatal incidents associated with tree work are: - ✅ contact with objects/equipment (e.g. falling limbs), falls, & exposure to unsafe environment/substance (e.g. electric shock) Research has shown that trees are more likely to cause outages on __________-phase lines than on __________-phase lines. - ✅ three; single Utility pruning is mainly conducted to provide __________ from power lines. - ✅ clearance Preventing vegetation-caused outages receives highest priority on __________ __________. - ✅ transmission circuits The minimum approach distance for non-qualified line clearance personnel from energized conductors 50 kV and less: - ✅ 10 feet A revision of the ANSI Z133 standard intended to be the standard reference for those engaged in tree care work: - ✅ ANSI Z133.1-2000 An easement agreement typically gives a utility a __________ __________ & __________ on the property owned by another party. - ✅ defined interest & use The condition that allows electricity to flow from one object to another is called: - ✅ potential When significant work such as removals or herbicide use is to take place, __________ __________ is necessary. - ✅ written authorization The time when crews return to normal working hours after being on-call or on 24-7 status: - ✅ stand down A results-based strategy designed to target trees as close as possible to the time that they interfere with facilities is known as __________-__________-__________ management. - ✅ just-in-time What does the "I" stand for in IVM - ✅ Integrated The theory of incident prevention that considers most incidents to be caused by unsafe acts is called the __________-__________ theory. Pioneered by Herbert Heinrich - ✅ behavior-based __________ __________ __________ can be used to reduce growth and lengthen time between cycles. - ✅ tree growth regulators Ohm's Law describes the relationship between: - ✅ voltage, current, & resistance __________ __________ contracts are gaining popularity because the responsibility for productivity, work planning, & scheduling rests with the contractor. - ✅ unit price Utilities will experience resistance to the performance of vegetation management work on a customer's property. This resistance is typically referred to as: - ✅ an easement dispute Personnel from external organizations who travel to a storm area are generally paid the higher of either their __________ __________ rates or the established __________ __________ rates. - ✅ home pay; local pay Manual methods for vegetation control will be done with... - ✅ hand-used tools Which pruning style is most effective in preventing regrowth when pruning hardwoods? - ✅ crown reduction The __________ __________ is an illustration of Heinrich's principles of accident prevention. - ✅ accident pyramid Effective public relations programs include timely communication of: - ✅ Industry BMPs In the U.S., the National Hurricane Center track forecast cone is intended to predict the track of a storm with an accuracy rate of _____ percent. - ✅ 67% Formula for Ohm's Law: - ✅ Volts = Amps x Resistance (V = I x R) What is required for the correct herbicide selection for use in water? - ✅ an aquatic label True or False? Wound dressings in most situations are effective in reducing decay, accelerating wound closure & preventing disease penetration. - ✅ false wound dressings are not effective in most situations Depreciation can be either __________-__________, in which costs are spread out over a lifetime of an item, or __________, in which the amount of depreciation taken is higher immediately after the purchase of an item. - ✅ straight-line; accelerated When is it okay to use wound dressings? - ✅ when such treatments are known to be effective (e.g. pruning oaks when/where they are susceptible to oak wilt) Sprout growth following pruning usually comes from __________ __________. - ✅ adventitious buds These days, __________ __________ require more IVM efforts, focus & successful approaches. - ✅ transmission ROWs Exchange of information that achieves desired results: - ✅ successful communication McClenahan described unsafe act & close calls as a safety program's __________ __________, & serious injuries or fatalities as __________ __________. - ✅ leading indicators (bottom of safety pyramid); lagging indicators (top of safety pyramid) Removal of __________ following a storm is typically the responsibility of the customer. - ✅ brush True or False? All of the following are approaches to work planning: - Cycle-based - Results-based - Crisis management - ✅ true Formula for power: - ✅ Power = Volts x Current (P = V x I) Internal & external __________ is key to a successful IVM program. - ✅ communication Clearance for decurrent hardwoods growing directly under conductors is best obtained by __________ __________. - ✅ crown reduction SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool & an acronym, meaning: - ✅ Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats The theory that considers workplace injuries to be caused by /a/ number of contributing factors, rather than /the/ number of contributing factors: - ✅ multiple causation theory A __________ is another name for a generating plant, and is the source of most power in the U.S. The most common sources for this power are __________ __________, __________ or __________ turbines, & __________ __________. - ✅ powerhouse; fossil fuels, wind or water turbines, & nuclear reactors A safety __________-__________ is a proactive measure in which all operations are brought to a halt until relevant safety information can be provided to response workers. - ✅ stand-down Information sent to landowners of the intention of a utility to undertake line clearance work on their trees: - ✅ notification Relative to the cost of routine maintenance, reactive maintenance can cost __________ times as much. - ✅ five Organizations such as electric utilities may declare an __________ independent of official government declarations. - ✅ emergency Tree-caused physical damage to conductors, electrical equipment, and/or supporting structures is an example of a __________ failure. - ✅ mechanical A measure of the performance of a utility in terms of the length of time customers are off line as a result of a service interruption - ✅ customer minutes lost (CML) Excurrent trees: - ✅ one main leader (e.g. pines, spruce) A __________-__________ organization is a group that takes a systematic approach to safety, recognizing that humans are imperfect & that errors have to be considered in the context of the system in which they occurred. - ✅ high-reliability Formula for Customer Minutes Lost (CML): - ✅ length of interruptions in minutes X number of customers off line The process of exchange of views & offers in order to reach an agreement: - ✅ negotiation What are the three parts to the constraint triangle? - ✅ time, cost, & scope When assessing the risk of a falling object, which is more important: weight or height? - ✅ height Decurrent trees: - ✅ multiple leaders (e.g. hardwoods) A method of applying herbicides or TGRs to trees through the soil via injection directly into the root zone - ✅ soil injection The voluntary standards adopted by most states & public utility commissions as a practical means of safeguarding persons during the installation, operation, or maintenance of electric supply & communication lines & associated equipment: - ✅ National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) An excellent example of electrical safety standards is: - ✅ Z133 American National Standard for Arboricultural Operations - Safety Requirements It's more effective to base maintenance cycles on __________ __________ rather than fixed distances. - ✅ growth rates __________ lines come off of primary circuits, but don't extend directly to a customer's property. - ✅ secondary True or False? Coniferous trees that have frequent, heavy snows are better adapted to snow loading than such trees in areas where snow is rare. - ✅ true A term used to describe the brown appearance of dead foliage following the application of herbicide - ✅ brownout Regulations that address & specify minimum clearance distances to be maintained between vegetation & conductors & also address issues pertaining to flammable liquids, hazardous materials storage, explosives, & new construction & building operations: - ✅ Uniform Fire Code (UFC) __________ __________ __________ serve as a barrier between workers & electric hazards. - ✅ minimum approach distances Process where trees growing significantly faster than most other trees are pruned at approximately half the scheduled maintenance cycle length: - ✅ mid-cycle pruning A device that can store energy & is used to either boost voltage or provide power factor correction: - ✅ capacitor The collective efforts to assist in the restoration of utility services is known as __________ __________. The process of repairing damage & restoring service after a storm is known as __________ __________. - ✅ storm response; storm recovery Machines designed to cut vegetation by means of a moving blade, chain, or other cutting device - ✅ flail-type cutter Two classifications of arborists that work inside 10-foot minimum approach distances: - ✅ incidental & qualified Regulations that address & specify minimum clearance distances & also address proper planning, construction techniques, defensible space, vegetation control, & land uses; developed by the International Fire Code Institute: - ✅ Urban-Wildland Interface Code (UWIC) Crisis management is an indicator of chronic __________. - ✅ underfunding A model for the production of reaction zones - ✅ Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees (CODIT) The potential between live conductors or between live & nuetral conductors is known as __________-to-__________ potential. - ✅ phase-to-phase A method to minimize tree-caused outage by conducting a detailed analysis of the system, vegetation conditions, outage history, infrastructure, etc. & identifying a range of preventable maintenance that have the potential to provide greater reliability & cost efficiency than just pruning/removing vegetation - ✅ reliability-centered management (RCM) __________ line clearance applies when an electric hazard exists but work is not being done for the utility. __________ line clearance applies to being in proximity to electric hazards on behalf of the utility. - ✅ incidental; qualified The rights that provide the utility the privilege of installing & maintaining its facilities in public roadways: - ✅ franchise rights Completing all necessary line clearance on a feeder or circuit basis: - ✅ circuit work Disaster Management Cycle: - ✅ Planning>Response>Recovery/Lessons Learned>Mitigation>process starts over What is a phase? - ✅ an energized wire The most commonly used Tree growth regulators (TGRs) work by inhibiting the production of __________. - ✅ gibberellin An individual who is familiar with the equipment & hazards in line clearance & has demonstrated the ability to perform the techniques involved: - ✅ qualified line- clearance arborist The length of a branch or trunk to be considered when evaluating the combination of forces that could lead to failure: - ✅ lever arm Most utilities list __________ __________ as a reason for maintaining vegetation, but customers often underestimate the risk. - ✅ public safety Protective equipment is designed to shield the system from: - ✅ faults, short circuits, & current surges A concept in project management that shows the interrelation of the resources of time, cost, & scope; often depicted by the constraint triangle: - ✅ triple constraint __________ transmits laser pulses toward a target, records the time it takes to return to sensors, & translates the results into a virtual image of the right-of-way; it stands for: - ✅ LiDAR; Light Detection and Ranging A large area of low atmospheric pressure, characterized by inward-spiraling winds: - ✅ cyclone What is the first thing to do when you find a tree or tree part on the line? - ✅ contact the utility control center People with an interest or concern in an organization & its decisions are known as: - ✅ stakeholders The effect that causes cyclones to rotate clockwise in the Southern hemisphere & counterclockwise in the Northern hemisphere: - ✅ Coriolis force Project management stratification of the entire scope of work need to accomplish a project's objectives: - ✅ work breakdown structure The potential between live conductors & the ground is known as __________-to- __________ potential. - ✅ phase-to-ground __________ __________ is the management of vegetation by establishing & conserving compatible, stable plant communities using natural competition, animals, insects, or pathogens. - ✅ biological control If you find a tree leaning on a line, stay at least __________ ft away. - ✅ 35 Cyclonic-scale storms that aren't tropical cyclones are called: - ✅ extratropical cyclones Amps in a conductor that are larger than those for which it is rated: - ✅ overcurrent Which type of dependency is a relationship between a task under the direction of a project management team & an action outside of their control? - ✅ external dependency Level _____ assessments, while sometimes required to further evaluate defects not detected by Level 2 assessments, are impractical in most utility settings; aka advanced assessments - ✅ 3 Cutting back a tree to buds, stubs, or laterals not large enough to assume apical dominance; also known as rounding over, heading, or heading back (a bad practice) - ✅ topping What communication method is most effective for engaging with customers in real time about utility emergencies? - ✅ social media A local storm produced by a cumulonimbus cloud & accompanied by lightning & thunder: - ✅ thunderstorm A wire connection between energized conductors & other electrical equipment (e.g. transformers): - ✅ tap __________ __________ are scheduling tools that provide a visual means of tracking a project. - ✅ Gantt charts The maximum incompatible plant pressure (species, density, etc.) allowable before unacceptable consequences develop: - ✅ tolerance level The process by which personnel become indifferent or disconnected from customers & their concerns: - ✅ desensitization A complex of thunderstorms that travels more than 240 miles, with wind speeds greater than 58 mph: - ✅ derecho In electric generation, the number of magnet revolutions per second: - ✅ Hertz Expenditures that do not generate income: - ✅ cost center *Tree Age:* - Young = _____% of life expectancy - Mature = _____-_____% of life expectancy - Overmature = _____% of life expectancy - ✅ <20%; 20-80%; >80% Specialty pruning technique used on large, maturing trees that results in the development of callus at the cuts; used to maintain trees at a specific height - ✅ pollarding To be __________ is to be understanding, aware of, & sensitive to the feelings, thoughts, & experiences of others. - ✅ empathetic Expenditures that generate revenue: - ✅ profit center Repeated momentary interruptions in the same place due to the same cause: - ✅ intermittent faults For clearing dense vegetation during initial establishment or reclaiming neglected or overgrown rights-of-way, __________ control methods are most efficient & cost effective. - ✅ mechanical Six-level numerical, damage-based classification of estimated wind speeds, usually applied to tornadoes: - ✅ Enhanced Fujita Scale Process of branch removal in which the cuts are made in relation to the positions of the branch collar & branch bark ridge; also know as target pruning - ✅ natural pruning A __________ is a bypass of an intended conducting path. The current bypassing the designed conducting path is called a __________ __________. - ✅ fault; short circuit Utilities & contractors have two predominant budget classifications: - ✅ capital & operational __________ toxicity results from a single exposure or exposure over a short period of time. __________ toxicity is the delayed damaging effect resulting from repeated exposure to low amounts of a substance, evolving over a long period. - ✅ acute; chronic Standardized on-scene incident management approach that allows responders to adopt an integrated organizational structure: - ✅ Incident Command System (ICS) - VM should be performed around ungrounded supply conductors - Vegetation that may damage ungrounded conductors should be pruned or removed (note: it is not practical to prevent all tree-conductor contacts on overhead lines) - Where pruning/removal aren't practical, the tree & conductor should be separated with suitable materials - VM should be performed at line crossings, railroad/highway crossings, navigable waterways, etc. (note: vegetation should be particularly maintained within these spans & the adjacent spans on each side) These rules come from: - ✅ National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) Rule 218 Budget that finances day-to-day activities, including salaries, rent, utilities, & supplies: - ✅ operating budget (aka maintenance budget) The area of bark that forms at the union between the branch & the parent stem: - ✅ branch bark ridge When properly selected & applied, herbicides can enhance __________ __________ __________ diversity & minimize __________ disturbance. - ✅ plant & wildlife; soil Five operational budget formats: - ✅ - Line-item - Performance - Program - Zero-based - Entrepreneurial Transmission circuit breakers operate in response to abnormally high __________, abnormally low __________, & unequal __________. - ✅ amperage; voltage; current __________-__________ __________ uses aerial photographs or satellite imagery followed by ground checks to determine the nature of plant communities on a site. - ✅ cover-type mapping The area where a branch joins another branch or the trunk: - ✅ branch collar Pre-arranged cooperation between utilities to ensure a certain level of response is available in the event of emergencies: - ✅ mutual assistance program In response to the 2003 blackout, NERC developed a standard that requires North American utilities to have systematic programs that effectively prevent outages on the bulk transmission system. This standard is called: - ✅ FAC-003 __________ & __________ contracts are based on hourly rates for labor & equipment, & payment is for time worked. - ✅ time & material The tree protection zone for a mature tree with a moderate tolerance to disturbance should be __________ ft per inch of DBH. - ✅ 1 ft (KPIs) A protective device that limits the number of customers that lose service after a fault: - ✅ line sectionalizer The ability in some plants to suppress growth of nearby species through the release of chemicals: - ✅ allelopathy A rule of thumb where 90% of the time 3 cuts cuts can give 90% of the required clearance - ✅ 90-3-90 Rule True or False? Aluminum wire is more conductive than copper wire. - ✅ false What does SMART stand for? - ✅ Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Timely True or False? Oil-based pesticides are less easily absorbed through the skin than water-soluble pesticides. - ✅ false; they are MORE easily absorbed than water-soluble solutions A plant growth substance that controls cell elongation - ✅ gibberellin Another name for an employee evaluation: - ✅ performance appraisal What is electromotive force? - ✅ another name for voltage Most herbicides used in VM are in which toxicity category? - ✅ Category IV: Relatively nontoxic An upright, adventitious shoot arising from the trunk or branches, also (incorrectly) called a sucker - ✅ water sprouts __________-__________-__________ laws prohibit mandatory union membership as a condition of employment. - ✅ right-to-work The common return path for an electrical circuit is the __________ wire. The common return path for an electrical system is the __________ wire. - ✅ ground; neutral The section of a utility transmission right-of-way under the wires & extending out both side to a specified distance is called the: - ✅ wire zone An __________ is land over which the utility has a __________-__________- __________ to maintain clearance. - ✅ easement; right-of-way Rights that guarantee an employee the right to Union representation during an investigatory interview: - ✅ Weingarten Rights The region where transmission lines interconnect; the interconnection allows utilities to transfer electricity both within their system & among one another: - ✅ transmission interconnect A control method that modifies habitat to encourage compatible vegetation & discourage incompatible vegetation: - ✅ cultural control method The planned __________ __________ is the time between scheduled pruning operations. - ✅ maintenance interval The stationary part of an electric generator that contains field windings: - ✅ stator Level _____ assessments are detailed, 360-degree ground-based visual inspection of the above-ground portion of a tree & its site (tools include binoculars, magnifying glass, probe, shovel, etc.); aka basic assessments - ✅ 2 When it has little or no likelihood of failure or impact to utility facilities, maintenance of the portion of the tree that is outside of the utility easement is the responsibility of the __________ __________. - ✅ tree owner Two indicators used to quantify reliability are SAIFI & SAIDI, which measure the __________ & __________ of interruptions experienced by the average customer over a given time. - ✅ frequency & duration Which step of an integrated VM plan should be completed first? - ✅ setting objectives Trees react to structural defects with __________ __________, which compensates for structural weakness. - ✅ response growth The most common cause of tree-related service interruptions is: - ✅ mechanical tear down failure Systematic process used to identify, analyze, & evaluate tree risk: - ✅ tree risk assessment Trees or branches that fall from outside utility easement have a __________ impact on service reliability than trees growing into & contacting power lines. - ✅ greater The main requirements of FAC-003 are that vegetation is to be managed to keep it from growing inside __________ distance, maintenance to be __________, control centers to be notified of __________ __________, corrective actions must be taken against __________ __________, vegetation inspected __________, & annual completion of __________. - ✅ flashover; documented; imminent threats; work constraints; annually; work Six steps of IVM: - ✅ - Set objectives - Evaluate the site - Define action thresholds - Evaluate & select control methods - Implement control methods - Monitor treatment & quality assurance __________ uses reduction cuts to reduce branch length relative to other similar branches. - ✅ subordination An electric facility that is used to route power through various circuits (it does not change voltage): - ✅ switchyard Minimum vegetation clearance distance (MVCD) is the calculated distance between conductors & vegetation to prevent __________-__________, for various __________ & __________, that is used to design __________ facilities. - ✅ spark-over; altitudes & voltages; transmission Trees that have been rounded over or topped in the past but later converted to directional pruning may have extensive __________ growth on decayed stubs. - ✅ epicormic The distance inside of which vegetation cannot encroach: - ✅ MVCD The target of IVM is: - ✅ incompatible plants As more of a tree's crown is removed, subsequent shoot growth is likely to __________. - ✅ increase The electrification of a wire by passing it through a moving electromagnetic field: - ✅ induction A __________ is a substance that has an oral LD₅₀ lower than 50 mg per kg of body weight, or a dermal LD₅₀ lower than 200 mg per kg of body weight. - ✅ poison Shoot arising from a dormant bud or from newly-formed adventitious tissue: - ✅ epicormic shoots The utility system's __________ allows the efficient transmission of electricity to areas of greatest need at a particular moment, which also makes the system more susceptible to __________. - ✅ interactivity; blackouts __________ __________-__________ is a technique in which non-translocatable herbicides are applied to control specific branches growing toward utility facilities. - ✅ chemical side-pruning Pruning practice in which an excessive number of interior lateral branches are removed, resulting in a concentration of growth at branch end: - ✅ lion tailing Electricity is generated by industrial __________ through __________. - ✅ magnets; induction __________-__________ treatments are used for clearing all plant material in an area, such as substations or around pole bases. - ✅ bare-ground True or False? If a clearance distance is specified (such as 10 ft), the cut should be made at the next suitable branch union (i.e. possibly further than 10 ft). - ✅ true A device capable of either increasing or decreasing circuit voltage, sort of like an adjustable transformer: - ✅ voltage regulator A transmission VM reliability standard; released by NERC: - ✅ FAC-003 A transformer that is intended to reduce voltage is known as a: - ✅ step-down transformer A herbicide's method of disrupting biochemical pathways is called its __________ __________ __________. Common types include: - ✅ mode of action; - ALS or AHAS inhibitors - Synthetic auxins - EPSP inhibitors - Photosystem I inhibitors - Photosystem II inhibitors - Proton inhibitors - Auxin transport inhibitors Palm trees are __________, meaning their embryos have only one seed leaf. - ✅ monocots (short for monocotyledon) Faults that affect the dielectric properties of a system for an instant, & no longer exist after the power has been restored: - ✅ transient fault A "just-in-time" approach to inventory management finds the proper balance of maintaining enough herbicide to meet short-term needs without: - ✅ purchasing, storing, or maintaining a surplus Name for palm leaves: - ✅ frond Each of the two coils in a transformer has a different number of turns. The ratio of one to the other is the __________ ratio, while the proportion of the primary to secondary voltage is the __________ ratio. - ✅ turns; voltage Proper mixing protocol: - ✅ - Half-fill the tank with diluents (water or oil) - Add concentrate or diluted concentrate - Add any supplemental adjuvants - Add remainder of diluents If they aren't removed, frequent pruning will be required for __________ trees because they cannot be reduced in height or directionally pruned - ✅ palm Secondary wire that has two insulated conductors and a neutral wire wrapped around a supportive cable: - ✅ triplex wire A chemical is classified as relatively nontoxic when it has an oral LD₅₀ of _____ mg/kg or more, or a dermal LD₅₀ of _____ mg/kg or more. - ✅ 5,000; 20,000 When should a tree be removed? - ✅ when it costs as much or more to prune it, when it poses unacceptable risk, or when the species doesn't respond well to pruning Which type of current is typically used in power supplies? - ✅ alternating current IVM is an __________-based, systematic process of modifying plant communities & controlling __________ vegetation on a site, with an underlying philosophy derived from integrated __________ management. - ✅ ecosystem; incompatible; pest __________ __________ uses certain herbicides selectively applied to the side of the right-of-way. - ✅ chemical pruning Transmission lines terminate at __________. - ✅ substations Handling & use of ready-to-use & diluted concentrate formulations in closed delivery systems: - ✅ closed chain of custody Voltage use by North American utilities ranges from _____ V-_____ kV. - ✅ 120 V-765 kV Acute toxicity of pesticides is determined through tests involving a large number of animals. The oral or dermal lethal dose that kills half the animals within the two-week test period is known as the __________ (measured in __________). The inhalation concentration that kills half the animals within the two-week test period is known as the __________ (measured in __________). - ✅ LD₅₀ (mg/kg of body weight) LC₅₀ (mg/l or ppm) __________ __________, the principal protective devices in distribution substations, are designed to operate in as little as 10 Hz. - ✅ circuit breakers The lower the LD₅₀ or LC₅₀, the __________ toxic the pesticide. - ✅ more Electrical flow in an unintended direction: - ✅ backfeed Toxicity Levels: - Category I: __________ toxic - Category II: __________ toxic - Category III: __________ toxic - Category IV: __________ nontoxic - ✅ highly; moderately; slightly; relatively A __________ is a blocked current or a bypass of an intended conducting path. - ✅ fault Four elements of the closed chain of custody concept: - ✅ - Container cycle - Integrity cycle - Documentation cycle - Herbicide cycle Fiberglass, glass, polymers, & porcelain are good __________; aluminum & copper are good __________. - ✅ insulators; conductors __________ is the amount of chemical reaching the body, while __________ is the quantity absorbed into the body. - ✅ exposure; dose