Download Issue Management Services - Bank Management - Study Notes and more Study notes Banking and Finance in PDF only on Docsity! Issue Management Services Investment banks were created as separate entities after Banking Act of 1933 in USA. The great depression in 1929 revealed the failure of commercial banks in their security operations. This led to separation of commercial banking, investment banking and insurance companies into separate entities. Investment banks have a variety of opportunities in the form of venture capital financing, mergers and acquisitions, underwriting of securities, asset securitization, investment management, private placement, project finance and corporate advisory services. Investment banks have become financial supermarkets providing one stop need for insurance, securities and fund management services. Investment banks are organized with divisions dealing with investment banking, sales and trading and research. Their main functions include agency, market‐making, corporate advisory and underwriting services. Investment banks also arrange venture capital for new firms with little or no operating history. This investment requires active personal involvement in the project. The investment becomes locked for three to seven years. The project requires multiple rounds of financing. Underwriting function assures client firms with adequate capital through public subscription when they issue equity shares. An underwriter advices the client firms, shares the risk of issue, helps in the distribution of securities and in the stabilization of market. The underwriter charges a commission usually between 2.5% to 5% of the offer price. Underwriting involves entering into an agreement with the client or manager of the issue, fixing management fees, advising clients on the choices available, filing of registration statements with Securities Board of India and distribution of preliminary prospectus. They decide on the offer price, identify dealers for distribution, due diligence between underwriting and corporation and price support after the issue. Investment bankers organize road shows for the public issue they have undertaken. Where the issue price determination involves risk the investment bankers undertake book building process wherein they assess the market by inviting price quotations from investors and also their intention regarding the quantity of shares they would like to invest. The final price is decided on the basis of these bids before the issue of shares. Sometimes price fixing may lead to agency problem as the investment banker may try to set a low price for the issue to make the issue easy to sell and to avoid commitment in those shares. Corporate Advisory Services Investment bankers perform a variety of corporate advisory services such as mergers, acquisitions, corporate restructuring, financial engineering, securitization and debt financing. Docsity.com Corporate restructuring is a king of merger reversal and it may take different forms. These are attempted with a view to meet increasing competition to align the interest of shareholders and managers, to reverse conglomerate mergers and to make the firm attractive to investors. The various types of corporate restructuring include spin‐offs wherein a company creates a subsidiary retaining ownership of the subsidiary. Equity carve‐outs are another form of corporate restructuring wherein the subsidiary is encouraged to go for public issue and the parent company gains. Split‐ups are another form of restructuring wherein a firm splits into two or more entities. Divestitures involves sale of a segment of the company to a third party for cash or securities. The purpose of divestitures is to dismantle conglomerates, changing strategies, discord unwanted business, ward off takeovers and meeting government requirements. LBOs (leveraged buy outs) are purchase of a company financed heavily with debt. Hostile mergers involve taking over unwilling firms by unwanted bidders. Sometimes the target firm agrees to buy back some shares from the bidder at a premium. In this buy back arrangement certain targeted shareholders may be excluded. Investment Management of Banks Investment management is an important function carried out by banks to stabilize their income, reduce credit risk exposure and to enhance liquidity. When deposits are low and loan demand is high investments are used as collateral to borrow additional funds to meet increased loan demand. When loan demand is weak; investments are used to increase the earning capacity of banks. Banks usually invest their surplus funds in government bonds and other debt securities. This involves analysis of interest rate and studying the behavior of yield curve. Yield curve is a graphical statement of the relationship between bond yields and maturity. It is a reliable indicator of economic activity and is used for forecasting interest rates, pricing bonds and creating strategies Normally yield curve shows an upward movement indicating the expectation of investors that the interest rates will increase in future. There are three theories that explain the pattern of yield curve. The pure expectation theory holds that the upward movement of yield curve reflects investors’ expectation for future short term interest rates. Liquidity preference theory asserts that investors expect a premium for long term commitments of funds in the market and hence long term rates will be higher than the short term rates. The preferred habitat theory explains that investors have distinct investment horizons and require a meaningful premium to invest in bonds with maturities higher than their preferred maturity. Riding the yield curve is a strategy where a bank holds its investments in bonds for a period of time and sells them just before maturity to realize the gain. The investment strategies in debt securities using maturity differentials are ladder or spaced maturity policy, front end load maturity policy, back end load maturity policy, the Barbell investment portfolio strategy and the rate expectations strategy. Sometimes a combination of these strategies will be used to enhance returns and reduce risk. Docsity.com The inve Active in strategy Banks es funds ar common resource Mutual f investm into ope or come asset va the time stated p Interval Based o income stment strat vestment st . Passive inv tablish sepa e investmen financial go s in securiti unds provid ent and are n ended, clo out of a sch lue. Closed e of initial iss rices. scheme is a n objective o scheme, bala egies may b rategy may estment stra rate asset m t manageme al through s es and the in e profession supervised b sed ended a eme at any nded schem ue only. The combination f investmen nced schem e broadly cl be speculati tegy focuse M anagement nt compani ale of units come and c al expertise y regulatory nd interval time. There es have a d y are traded of open en t, mutual fu e, tax savin assified into ve in nature s on duratio utual Fund companies es. They poo under a sche apital appre , better yield authority. M schemes. Un is no fixed m efinite matu in open ma ded and clos nd schemes gs scheme, m active and p and involve n and yield c s to manage m l their resou me. The fun ciation are s at low cost utual fund der open en aturity. Buy rity period a rket and re ed ended sc are many ty oney mark assive inves swap strate urve. utual fund rces of inve d manager hared by un and provide s schemes a ded scheme ing and selli nd investme purchase of hemes. pes such as et schemes, tment strate gy or yield c business. M stors having invests thes it holders. liquidity, ch re broadly cl s, investors ng takes pla nt is accept units takes p growth sche off shore fu gies. urve utual a e oice of assified can join ce at net ed at lace at me, nds, Docsity.com index linked schemes, sector specific schemes, capital market linked schemes, fund of funds scheme etc. In India mutual funds are promoted by public sector banks, private sector banks and other corporate entities. Bancassurance Liberalization of economic policies in India prompted banks to accept variety of functions to improve their competitive strengths. Bancassurance is performing insurance business by banks. However, banks are not permitted to combine banking and insurance business. They can promote separate entities to run insurance business. There are two types of risk viz., pure risk and financial risk. Pure risk focuses on probability of occurrence of loss only whereas financial risk considers occurrence of both profit and loss. In insurance business it is pure risk that the bank assumes to manage. There are two types of insurance businesses, life insurance and general insurance. Under life insurance banks may offer policies to cover the risk of loss of life, loss of income and loss of health policies. Under general insurance property losses, accident compensation, credit risk and business related risks are considered. Banks need to be very careful in fixing the premium for the policies. The premium fixed should cover the expected loss, its administrative expenses and profit. Estimating expected claim cost requires a thorough study of population risk profile and reliable data bank. Risk classification of clients helps in differentiating the premium charged. Banks have a natural advantage in promoting insurance business since they have a wide network of customers covering different geographical regions. There is a great potential for insurance business in India as vast segments of society are not covered by insurance. It generates fee based income for banks. In 1999, the regulators of banking and insurance sectors from G‐10 countries produced a report which focused on the capital adequacy for banking and insurance business. The report suggests quantitative techniques to assess capital adequacy. The suggested approaches are building block prudential approach risk based aggregation, total deduction and risk based deduction. Division of Balance Sheet Banking Insurance Securities Unregulated (Parent) (60% ownership) Full Consolidation Docsity.com Pro Rata Consolidation Banking Insurance Securities (60%) Unregulated Total Capital required 42 12 12 12 78 Actual capital 50 15 15 10 90 Surplus (Deficiency) 8 3 3 -2 12 Insurance Securities Unregulated Bank Specific capital required 15 15 14 32 Actual capital 18 20 10 70 Surplus (Deficiency) 3 5 -4 38 Bank capital 70 Deduction of capital investment in dependants Insurance -15 Securities -12 Unregulated -5 Additional dependants deficit Unregulated -4 Adjusted Bank capital 34 Bank specific capital requirement 32 Bank surplus capital 2 Parent Bank Insurance Securities Unregulated Down streamed capital Banking Insurance Securities Unregulated Total Capital required 42 12 20 12 86 Actual capital 50 15 25 10 100 Surplus (Deficiency) 8 3 5 -2 14 Bank Capital 70 Docsity.com