Изучение древнеегипетской религии: истоки, боги, культы и символы, Essays (high school) of History

Download Изучение древнеегипетской религии: истоки, боги, культы и символы and more Essays (high school) History in PDF only on Docsity! MMHMCTEPCTBO BbICINETO HM CPEJIHETO OBPASOBAHMA KAPAKAJINAKCKMM TOCYJ/APCTBEHHBIM YHUBEPCHTET MMEHM BEPJIAXA Cneyvanbxocrs: Acropua (no crpaHaM H perHoHaM) Kagegpa: Apxeonorna TIpenogasarens: A6qupora T'ynp3aqa CAMOCTOATEJIBHAA PABOTA ITO TEME PEJIMVIUA TPEBHETO EVUIITA Cryjeuta ucropuueckoro dbakybTer: Ap3bim6eTopa Carmypata Hyxyc - 2021 ApeBHHX eFHNTAH, B YaCTHOCTH CBA3AHHbIe C KyJIbTOM O3Mplica, KOTOpbIii Nowy un IMpokoe paciipocTpaHeHHe BO BCéM aHTHYHOM Mupe. OrpomHoe 3HaveHHe VIA v3y4ueHHA erMmeTckoi pemuruu uMeet KHura IInyTapxa Xepoueiicxoro (50-125 rr H.3.) «O6 Usuge u O3upuce», cofepxKalljad eMHCTBeHHOe MosIHOe COxpaHMBleeca {O Halllero BpeMeHM onMcaHve WMpoKo pacnipoctpaHéHHoro B Erunte HW BO BCeM aHTHUHOM MUpe Muda H kysbTa Gorop mpupogb M3ugE1 u O3smpuca. TakoKe eHHbIe cBejjeHHA ocTaBHiH IInaTouH 4 EBgoKc, KoTOpble H4HO NoceTumH Erunet, a AMeHHO Tenmonomb. OHM JaM MogpoGHble OMMCaHHA O XKM3HH HM JJexTeIbHOCTH 2KpeLOB Tak, KaK KHIM C HHMH OKoJIo 13 ser. Tlepppie nocneyopatemm Wlamnomboua, Bpyrut u Jlenetryc B Tepmanun, Alezepua, ge-Pyxe u Ila6a so Mpanyuu, Posenmmnu B Uranuu, Bepu 8 Anrimn, cocpegqoTouwIM cBOH yCWIMA Ha V3yueHHH HW v3faHHH TiaBHbIM oG6pa30M TlaMATHHKOB J[peBHeervMeTCKOM MHcbMeHHOCTH. Hemeykuii eruntomor A. BujemaH B CBOeM Tpyfle «HCTOpHA peHrvoBeeHHA: pesMruA ApeBHHX erHnTAH» MMCaJI, YTO 9Ty PeMHIVIO, MOXKHO ObLIO BHJOV3MeHATb HW OObACHAT HaCTOMIbKO T10-pa3HOMy, 4TO, TIO MHeHH}0 erHlTAHHHa, HHKaKOM OTKa3 OT CTapbIX BO33peHHM pafiH HOBbIX Hel - KaKHMM Obl >KelaeMbIMH OHH HM Ob, M0 HallIMM TMOHATHAM, - OKa3bIBaJICA COBeplIeHHO He HyKeH. OcHoBaTeylem pycckoli erumTomoruu Obi KpyTHbIit yueHbIi, o61a{aBluMii OrfpoMHBIMH Hay 4HbIMH 3HaHHAMH, aka/jemuk B. A. Typaes (1868-1920 rr.). 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Ho v3MeHeHHA 3TH He HOCHJIM Takoro XapaktTepa, KOTOpbIli mor O61 TIPHBeCTH K KaveCTBCEHHO HHOMY COCTOAHHEO. 1. 3apoxkjeHHe ApeBHeernneTcKol penuruu. PaHHHe BepoBaHHA Cambie MepBble mileMeHa, HaceNABLIMe fOmMHy pekH Hun, Kak UM BCe TipefcTapuTemM fpyrux mMepBoObITHbIX KYy/IbTyp, MpOUWIM oMmpesjeteHHble cTaqwu Ppa3BHTHA PeMTHO3HbIX BepOBaHHi JO MoABeHHA LeMOCTHOM rocysapcTBeHHOH pemurun. [1a meppoObiTHbIx Ky/IbTyp OblIo XapakTepHO, BepHTb B HeOObACHMMBIe YeJIOBEKOM Bel, KOTOpble B OCHOBHOM OBI AB/IeEHHAMM MIpMposbl. OAH 43 CaMbIx TlepBbIX (POpM peMrHH ABIANMCh cbeTHUIM3M HM TOTeMV3M, KOTOpble MOCTOAHHO TlOof{BeprasHcb VW3MeHeHHAM B CBA3M C MepeMeHoli o6pa3a >2Kv3HH HacesleHHa. @eTuuiv3M-kyJIbT HeOJYWeBIEHHBIX Belljeli y MepBOObITHBIX TIeMéH, BbIpa’KeHHbIii B oOOKeCTBIeEHHH WIM CileloM MoKIoHeHHM. B jofuHacTuueckom Erunte HeT MCTOUHHKOB O @eTHUI3Me, HO Glarofjapa MCTOUHHKaM BpeMeH oOObeMHeHHOrO Erunta y Hac eCTb BO3MOXKHOCTE MOCMOTpeTb B Mpowwioe. DeTuUIH3M B J[jpeBHeM Erunte He mpekpalljasI CBoe CyljeCTBOBaHHe, OH TOJIbKO MpeTeprieBasI H3MeHEHHA, HO HMkorgja He cue3za. HavOomee w3BecTHble ApeBHeerumercKue cbeTuum: Vmuyt, KaMeHb Beu-Ben, crom6 Vyny, cron6 Jpxeg; TawKe oT ApeBHux deTuulei BesyT MIpovicxonkjeHue oOujeerumeTckHe pesHrvo3zHble CHMBouIbI: AHXx, YapKet, Yacu [1, c. 115]. C deruuv3MoM cMbikaeTca MU ToTemMv3M. [leHTpambHOM vfeeii TOTeMv3Ma, ABJIACTCA Mle KOJIIEKTHBHBIX MIpeKOB HM rpyMMoBoro poscTBa JOfeli C 2*KMBOTHBIMU - ToTemamu. A. BujjemaH micas o ToM, 4TO ToTeMbI O6pa3yloT Mp MMdbH4eCcKHXx TlepBonpeqKOB OOLJeCTBeHHBIX poOfjOB, TOTeMHYeCKHX TepBOMpesKOB BOLMHOT (Momy2KMBOTHOH - MosyyenoBeyeckoi) Mpuposbi. Jlatee, OCHOBbIBAaACh Ha CBOMX HaGsOJeHHAX, KOTOpble MOKa3bIBalOT Ha TO, UTO B MOBeJeHHH JOseli HW 7KMBOTHBIX ecTb oO4eHb MHoro oOmjero, aBTOp MpHXOJMT K BBIBO,Y O MopoxkseHHH COBOKYITHOCTbIO yKa3aHHbIX OOCTOATE/IBCTB KYJIbTa 2KMBOTHBIX [2]. Tlo MHOrouncIeHHBIM MCCesOBaHHAM, [peBHelitieli dopmoli penuruu Erunra BbIjep»KaHa B peaJIMCTHUeCKOM CcTHJe: B page Cy4uaeB OHH H300paxKeHbI He YepHO- 6ebIMH, a KpacHoBaTo-kopHuHeBbIMH [1, c. 152]. Becbma pacmpoctpaHeH ObUI KYIbT KpoKO/Mla, KOTOpbIii omMyeTBopan Gora Ce6exa. IIpH MHorMx xpaMax cOjepKaJIMcb CBALJeHHbIle KPOKOJWIbI, KOTOPbIX KOpMMJIM >KpelbI, a Mocwe CMepTH KpoKkofMsbI Ganb3aMMpoBasuch. 3aTeM MyMHU KpOKOJWI0B 3axopoHHsMcb. UpespbuaiiHo Obl paclipocTpaHeH KYJIbT coKoa (MIM scTpe6a) Kak BorviolwjeHHe Gora Xopa, a TakKe KOplyHa MW HOuca. CBALeHHbIM B Erunte cuurasica Genbiii u6uc cC YepHbIMM KPbUIbAMH. 3a ero yOuiicTBO Mosaraacb cmepTs. Bcex 3THX *KMBOTHBIX TakoKe COfep?KaJIM Ip XpaMax, a TlocsIe Hx CMepTH 6anb3amuposau. LWIupoko 6b pacmpoctpaHeH KysIbT KowKH. Bentukuii Gor Pa CUHTaJICA BeMMKHM KOTOM. CMepTb KOWIKH B CeMbe OTMeYaslaCb CIeLMaJIbHbIM TpaypoM. YMepwiMx KOLWIeK OTHOCWIM K >KpeljaM, KoTOpble Hx Gasb3aMMpoBaH U XOPOHMJIM Ha CMelfMaJIbHOM KoWaubem KiaqOuwe. [14 Koulek MHorga Jeranu rpobst. 3a y6viicTBO KOUWIKM C/lefoBasIo cypoBoe Haka3aHHe. IIpu noxkape MepBoli cnacamu KOWKY, a TObKO 3aTeM JeTeli HM UMyujecTBo. B HeKOTOpbIX MeCTHOCTAX o6oxecTBiasica GapaH UM Jes. Baio u3BecTHO oKosI0 60 GoxKecTB, H306parKaeMbIX B Be JIbBa WIM JIbBHUbI. CunTascb CBALL|eHHbIMU Tak>Ke YepHble COOaKH HU WaKaIbI. Onu oToxKsecTBIamuch c G6orom MoTycropoHHero mMMpa Any6ucom. Bosbutoe BIMAHHe MMel KysIbT 3MeH. M306paxKeHve 3Meu ObiIO Ha rosIOBHOM y6ope cbapaoHa. Cuntanocb, 4TO OHO 3al{MlljaeT ero OT BAMAHHA AYpHbIX cum. B Buge 3mMen Mpegctaet GorMHaA 3eMHoro riogopogMa PeHenyrter. [Ip Bxoge Bo MHOrHe xpaMbI yCTaHaB/IMBaJIMCb KaMeHHble CTeJIbI C H306paxKeHHeM 3Mei. Oco6oe MecTo 3aHHMaI CBALJeHHbIM >2KYK CKapaGeii. STO HaceKOMoe Hrpaso OrpoMHy!O posb B penHrMu Erunta. OHo 6bVI0 OMMLeTBOpeHHeM >KH3HH, CaMOBO3pOxKJeCHHA HM Ha3bIBaJIOCb - xenpu [3]. Pa3mMuna MexKaY JOfMHacTHYeCKHM TOTEMVH3MOM HM KYJIBTOM >KMBOTHBIX B AuHacTuyeckom Erunte B MpHHuMine BOBCe He Tak YK 3HAUHTEJIbHbI: ECM TOTemy He TIOKJIOHAFOTCA, eclH TOT€CM - «pOACTBeHHHK» TylieMeHH WJM KJlaHa, TO o6oxKeCTBICHHOMY 2KHBOTHOMY MOJIATCA MB payje CiyuaeB 9TO GorKeCTBO ABIAeTCA TIpHOKeHHEIM K dapaony: «KoputyH HexGer cab MaTepbio dapaona, a JuKaa KOpOBa - efO KOPMHIHLeli HW BOCIMTaTebHHLel». C0BoM, B payje ClyuaeB TOTeMH3M WM KYJIbT 2KMBOTHBIX HaCTOJIbKO CO/IMKaIOTCA, UTO HET COMHeHHA B TOM, UYTO 3TO ABJICHMA OJHOTO MopAyKa. Meuee pacmipoctpaHeH OblI KYy/IbT paCTeHHii, WM cBefjeHHii Oo HeM COOTBeETCTBEHHO MeHbille. OjHako (dbakT ero CYLJeCTBOBaHHA BHe COMHeHMA: XpPaMOBble TeKCTbI MTOeMeeBCKOrO BpeMeHH MPHIMMCbIBAaHOT KaKJOMy HOMy CBOe cBalljeHHoe jepepo. HavOonee pacmpoctpaHeHHbIMH JepeBbamu B Erunte Opium cukoMopa MW dHHMKOBaA MasbMa. C KyAbTOM JepeBbeB CBA3AHO B OCHOBHOM TlokoHeHve GormHaMm. B Tenvonose, Halipumep, JepeBo omuieTBopsio0 Goruuto Hy, B Jpyrux MectTax - 6oruHto Xatxop. Cukomopa-XaTxop oOoKecTBIAach B Memouce, PUHHKOBas MasibMa - XaTxop - B HwxKHem Erumte, 6143 coppeMeHHoro Kom-3s1b-XucHa, HT. 9. OGbekTaMM kysbTa ObVIM TakoKe JIYK, UeCHOK HM HeKOTOpHIe Apyrve pactenua. UnrepecHo nojuepKHyTb, YTO MepexKHTKH /peBHeervmeTcKoro KyJIbTa J}@peBbeB B TOM WIM WHOM cbopMe CoxpaHAJIMCb HM B MYyCy/IbMaHcKoM Erunte oO MepBoii ueTBepTH XX B. BKHOUHTeNbHO [1, c. 154]. Y GombumHcTBa HapofoB deTuuM3M WM TOoTeMH3M Mcue3IH B Mporecce MCTOpHueckoro pa3BHTHA, OCTaBMB JIMINb Te MIM MHbIe MepexKHTKH; B Erunte xe KYJIbT 2KHBOTHBIX He TO/IbKO He HCue3, HO MposBHI HeoObrualiHy!o *KHBYUeCTb - OH coxpaHWica HW Tocme moTtepH Erunrom He3aBHCHMOcTH JO BpeMeHH PHMCcKoroO TOCMO/{CTBa BKJIFOUHTEJIBHO. Hapajy c TOTeMH3MOM Marui - OfHa 13 ApeBHeMIMX CTyMeHeii pemMrvo3Horo co3HaHHa. Bo3HvkHyB B Erumre B He3allaMATHble BpeMeHa, Mari CTasia OJJHHM 3 KpaeyrOuJIbHbIX KaMHeli ervmeTCKOrO pesHrvo3HOro CO3HaHHA, HeOTbeMJIeMbIM Hi upe3BblualiHO §=BaxKHbIM KOMIOHeEHTOM pemuruM. Bbonee Toro, MoxHO 6¢3 IpeyBesIM4eHHA Cka3aTb, UTO erMeTCKad pesMrud riyOoKo MpoHHKHyTa MarMueckuM MMpoollyujeHveM, 4TO TocslesHee B Heli peBalupyeT, ocoGeHHO B BO33peHHAX Ha 3arpoOHY!0 2KH3Hb. B apepHocTu erumetcKve Maru oOmagamM penyTaljeli MoryijecTBeHHBIxX kosiayHos. B rpeko-pHMckHe BpeMeHa Marva CTasIa ocoGeHHO MonylsapHoi B Erunre B CaMbIX pa3HbIX NIpOAB/IeHHAX HM acriekTax. Utak, Marva Obiia co3qaHa GoxKecTBOM aia Onara sofeti, oHa - OTKpoBeHHe GorKecTBa. B JIpepHem Erunre pep, To Mara Mo3BO/IdeT YCTaHaBIMBaTb KOHTaKTbI M@EXKAy JOJbMH uM GoraMu, a TakKe M@xKAYy JIOJbMM >KHBBIMM WM yMeplMMH, K Heli npHOeramm via oGecneueHua KOM@OPTHBIX yC/IOBHii cBoero 6yfyujero mpeObiBaHua B 3arpoOHOM WapcTBe U AA pellleHHa BaxKHBbIX MpoOsem Tekyljeli 3eMHOi 2ku3HH. CBMJJeTeBCTBa O Bepe B CHIy M MOryljecTBO MarMM fouWIM fo Hac v3 ImyGoKoi ApeBHocTH. OHM v3 HUX ABIAeTCA HafMMCb Ha rpaHHTHOM cTele, HalifjeHHO Mexgy janamu CcuuKca, cTeperyijero nMpamugy Xedpena B Tv3e. B HafMvcu paccka3bIBaeTCA, YTO O/fHarK/{bI dapaow Tytmoc II npapusumii c 1290 no 1224 rog fo H.3., yTOMMBLIMCh Mocie OXOTHI, 3aqpemMal y NlogHoxua Cowukca. Bo cHe emy aBusica Oor Xapemaxet, KOTOpbIi MoBesel dbapaoHy OYHCTHTb W3BatHve CvHKCa OT 3aCbiMaBlllero ero miecka. I[pocHyBuivcb, TyTMoc Mpvka3a/1 He3aMeJJIMTeMbHO MpHCTyMHTb K MCHOJIHeHHIO GorkecTBeHHOYO Boren3baBeHua [3]. TlosHaHHa [peBHMX erHmITAH 0 cyljecTBOBaHHM, oOmMKe M pose 3aHATHIi emMoHos ObIM ropa3yjo oOmmMpHee u Goraue, 4eM T103HaHMA eBpOTevickHx MaroB B anoxy CpefHeBekoBba U4 Bo3poxkseHHa. Bombiioe KomMYeCTBO cCBeyeHHii oO TIO 3eMHBIX JJMOHAX COJepxKHTCA B TeKCTaX ApeBHeeruMeTcKo KHuri MepTBbIX. B OfHOM u3 TaB 3HaMeHHTOM, rye cofepxKatTca HavGoee NoMHbIe cBeseHHA O 3ayTOKOMHOM Ky/IbTe, TofpoOHO w3maraeTcA Mpoljesypa 3arpoOHoro cyyja B BUe B3BelIMBaHHA Cepfija yMepliero Ha Becax Mepeg Ocupvcom. IloKoiiHbrii OTUMTEIBAeTCA O CBOE 3EMHOM 2KH3HH, TOBOPHT, YTO OH He CoBepliia/I MpectyMieHHii 1 AYpHbIx ger. Bor Tot u Goruua mpapocyqua Maat mpopepstoT MpaBMIbHOCTE C/IOB yMepliero, B3BeLIMBarlOT ero cepAue. Ecam yMepuiMii Bel HempaBegHYy!0 2KH3Hb, TO ero 6pocaroT B MlacTb 4UYAOBMIIa, KOTOpoe ero Mo*KMpaeT. Ec >ke OH Bes 2KH3Hb oTHocaTca 6oxKecTBa KOCMMUecKHe, Kak Hyt - GoruHa Hea, HyH - 6or Tleppo3fjaHHoro okeaHa, Xam - 6Oor Huma u 1.f., GorkecTBa, oMUeTBOpsrOUHe aOcTpakTHble NOHATHA, HalpuMep Maar - GormHa MMpoBoro nopagKa, Cua - Gor pa3yMa 4 Mo3HaHMa, Xy - Gor TBopueckoro c/oBa Hi T..), H OorkKeCTBa sIOKaJIbHbIe, CBA3aHHbIe C oMpesemeHHol MecTHOcTBIO. JIokaibHbIe GoxKecTBa - MOKPOBHTeIM TOposoB WIM HOMOB - CUHTaIMCb TBOpljaMH MMpa TOsIbKO B Mpefjemax CBOMX KYJIBTOBLIX LJ@HTPOB: KaxKbIii 43 Takux OoroB OObIUHO OTOKeCTBIAJICA C KaKHM- Jmm60 GoroM, MlouvTaeMbIM BO BCeli cTpaHe./\Ia *KUTeNA JaHHOW MeCTHOCTH, BO BCAKOM cilyuae [VIA NofjaBAtOWeli Maccbl 2KMTesei, MecTHBI Gor ObuI Bcem. Tak 6bUIO He TO/IKO B He3allaMATHbIe BpeMeHa HM Ha 3ape HCTOPHH, HO i B rpeKO-pHMcKoe Bpema. B qufjakTH4ecKOM JJ/eMOTHUeCKOM TeKCTe, H3BeCTHOM B HayKe Kak MalMpyc Vucuurep, ropoputca: «Or Gora, nouvTaemoro B ropofe, 3aBHCHT >KH3Hb HM CMepTb 2kuTesei ropofja. HeuectuBeu, yxogaMii Ha uyKOuHYy, oTAaeT ce6a B pykH Bpara». Tlog, «HeuyecTHBlemM» Tofpa3yMeBaeTcA uesOBeK, MOKMfalouMii cBOoii HOM UH Homoporo Gora [1, c. 161]. B cpa3a c 3THM eleHHem GorkKecTB, B erHleTcKoii MMdomoruu He cyWjecTBOBasIO eAMHBIX NIpefCTaBIeHHii O COTBOpeHHM Mupa. [aBHble pes MrMo3HbIe yextpsi JjpepHero Erunra - Uyny ((enuonons), Tepmononp (eget) u Memouc - BbIpaOoTasIW pa3/IMUHbIe BapHaHTbI KOCMOrOHMH HM TeoroHMH. Pa3Hble TeomlormueckHe WeHTpb! J[pepHero Erunta, KpymHeiiummmu cpequ KOTOpbIX 6bUIH Tropoga Tenononb, Memduc, Tepmononb u ®upbl, BbIABHras KaK[{bIii CBOIO KOCMOrOHMUeCKY!O BepcHto, OObABIAA CBOero raBHoro Gora TBOpL{OM Mpa, a BCex HalGo/lee H3BeCTHBIX B CTpaHe Ooros - co3/jaHHbIMH MM WIM BesyW{HMi OT Hero MpoucxoxjeHve. Obujeli AA BCeX KOHUeMIHi ABIAIACb TObKO ufed 06 M3HayasIbHom Xaoce [9, c. 237]. Bce TeoroHHM M KOCMOrOHHM MCXOfAT 3 TOTO, YTO JO MOMeHTa co3qaHHA MMpa CYIJeCTBOBal H3BeUHBIM, MepBOObITHbIM OkeaH, OJIMIJeTBOpeHHbIi Gorom Hyuom. IIpeqcraptenve 3To rmiy6oKo KOpeHM/ocb B CO3HaHHM erunraH, U ObiIO o6ycopieHo camo mpupogoi Erunra, ero du3uueckoii reorpadueli. C He3allaMATHBIX BpeMeH GecuHCJIeHHble MOKO/eHHA Josel, cemMBLIMXcA Ha Geperax Huma, HaGmtogamm rpo3sHyto HW BMecTe C TeM MMJIOCTHBy!O K YeOBeKy CTHYH3T Be/IMKOM peku, 6e3 KOTOpOH HEBO3MO>KHO ObUIO MIpes{CTaBHTb CeGe *KH3Hb B JIFOObIX ee copMax H MposBeHHAX. 3pesMe erKeroJHbIX TpaHAMO3HbIX MaBOJKOB, 3aTeM caja BOJbI 1 MosBIeHHA TWIOfOposHori, HeoOxogMMoii JIA 2KH3HH 3eEM/IM BOCIIpPHHMMasIOCch eruliTaHaMu kak MOBTOpeHHe, MpaBsa, B MeHbIeM MaciiTaGe, HcTOpHu MUMpo3yjaHHs. TlepBbIM MosBHBIIMMCA 43 MepBoObITHOrO OKeaHa KYCKOM Cyl B TOM WIM HHOM Topoyje CUHTaJICA HMeHHO TOT KYCOK, Ha KOTOpOM CTOAN JaHHbIii ropoy. M3 Hepp TlepBoObiTHoro okeaHa HyHa, W3BeuHOTO BOJHOFO Xa0Ca, MOABMJICA HM JeMuypr - B Bye COuHa MU cBeTa. Jjemuypr BO3HMKa cam coGoii 4 co3qjaBal Apyrux GoroB u Becb Mup. JjeMuyprH B pa3HbIx WeHTpax pa3mtMuHb!. B Tenvonome, Memduce, Pupax - 9To Pa, IIta, Amon, B Tepmoniosie - 3To orgoaya. Co3yjaHuto JIrofjeii, KaK 3TO HM CTpaHHO, B KOCMOrOHHAX yjeAeTCA BHAMaHHe BHO HegocTaTouHoe. JItoqu cyljecTByIOT y»Ke B CaMOM Haase TBOpeHHA, T.e. xpoHosloruueckH Jo Soros. Ilo ofHoii BepcHM, OAM BO3HUKIM 13 cie3 Gora Pa, m0 Apyrun - 4x co3fjaBan Gor XHyM Ha cBoeM roHyapHom Kpyre [10, c.60]. KocmoroHvu MM TeoroHHM TecHeiilmMM o6pa30M CBA3aHbI MeExKyy coGoii, 3Ta CBA3b OpraHueckas, HepylIMMasd. QeMeHTbI KOCMOTOHMM ABIIAFOTCA OJJHOBpeCMeHHO 3/leMeHTaMH TeoroHHu. Hampumep, He6o He TObKO KOMIMOHeHT KOCMOCa, 3TO HM 6oruHa, *xeHa Te6a, foun Illy u Tecbuyt, - sfemeHT mpupogpt cut c 6oxKecTBoM, TlepCOHH@ULHpoBaH B KOHKpeTHOM OorKecTBe. 2.2 TIpeqcrapienna Pemmononuca TIo HeKOTOPbIM JaHHbIM, KOTOPbIMM pacnioslaraeT Hayka, Tenvonomb sBIAIcaA CaMbIM [peBHeiilIMM HM BMecTe C TeM KPYMHeMIIMM peHrvO3HbIM LeHTpOM B ApeBHeM Erunte. MmeHHo TIOSTOMY, aBTOp HauWHaeT cCBoe H31I0Ox%KeHHeE C JTOTO Topoja, KOTOpbIM ABIAJICA MECTOM 3aporxKjeHHa J|peBHeerneTcKol peru. Tenmononb (rpeu.; ap. - erum. Wyxy; 6vOneiicx). On Obit pacriomoKeH HECKOJIBKO Goslee UeM B J[eCATH KMJIOMeTpaxX K CeBepO-BOCTOKY OT COBpeMeHHOTO Kaupa. @akTHyecKH OT ApeBHeervmeTcKoro ropojja He ocTamocb HHYero. V3 aHTHUHBIX aBTOpOB, JIMIb reorpad Crpa6ou mmuHo Mocetun Temvonomb 4 ocTaBH 3aMeTky o Hem: «B Temuynione a Bugen GosbUIve OMA, B KOTOPBIX 2KMJIM 2KpelbI, HOO B [peBHee BpeMs, TIO paccKa3aM, 3TOT Topof, Kak pa3 Obl KBapTaJIOM >KpeLjoB, KOTOpble 3aHMMasIMcb cbusocodueli M acTpoHOMueli; Terlepb 2Ke 3TO OObeqMHEHHe TlepecTasio CyUjeCTBOBaTh HW ero 3aHATHA MpekpaTMmucb. JleiicTBuTebHO, B Tenmonone a He oGHapy2KHI HH OfHOTO pyKOBOJMTeIA TakKHX 3aHATHI, HO TOsIbKO 2KpelfOB, COBeplatOWHX >KePpTBOMPHHOWeHHA HU OOBACHAIOMIMX UyKe3eMIJaM CMBICII CBALJeHHEIX o6pagos... OfHako B Temuynome HaM Moka3bIBaJIM J[OMa >KpeljoB u ukombI [I1maToHa 1 Epgoxca; EpgoKkc mpvObi Tyga BMecte c []maToHoM, U4 OHH 06a, TIO COBaM HeKOTOpbIX MMcaTesei, MpoBetH 13 AeT c *KpeljaMu». Ha ocHOBaHHH 3THX COB MO>KHO Cjle/laTb BbIBOA, UTO BO BpeMeHa CTpaGoHa Temmonomb HaxojMica B COCTOAHMH MomHOro yrajKa. CoBepllieHHO MHYtO posb Hrpas ITOT ropos, paHee. Xpamer Temvonona TakKe MOHOCTbIO pa3pylieHbI. Ilo coxpaHMBLIMMca pa3BasIMHaM OfHoii XpaMoBoli orpajfbl, MOKHO cyguTb 06 ux BemMuMHe. EcTb OCHOBaHMA TosaraTb, UTO 3fJecb Gb xpambI ATyma u Pa-XapaxTu. CBAljeHHbIMH 2KMBOTHBIMH B Temuoriose, ApeBHeM ropoje cosa, ObVIM YepHbIii Ob MxHesncu 6orkKecTBeHHad JIbBBMHad Tapa, KOTOpy!o MountamM u ceBepo-BocTouHee Temmonoma. Hexotopnie Gorm w306paxKaIMcb HHOra B BMJe 3MeH, Kak M [[peBHeMuMii MecTHbIi Ajemou HexeOxay [1, c. 172]. B Hauane Obit Xaoc, KOTOpbIii Ha3biBatica Hyun, - GeckpaiiHaa xomofHaa BOgHad TyCTEIHA, OObATad TEMoii. [IpoxogMin TbIcaYeMeTHA, HO HHMUTO He Hapylaso niokoa: Tleppo3qjaHHbiii OkeaH OCTaBaJICA HeTO{BIWKHBIM. Ho ogHaxkgbI 43 OkeaHa MosBuica Gor Atym. Mup no-mpexkHemy Obl CKOBaH XOJIOJOM HM Morpy2kéH B GecrpormaqHyto TbMy. ATyM cTasl HckaTb B [leppo3yjaHHOM WMeHH OOrvHH-lOKpOBHTe/IbHHLbI HOMa, W300paxKaBllelica B OOmHKe 3aifUHXxH. Korga Memduc ytpaunBaeT cTaTyc CTO/MIbI WeHTpasM30BaHHoro rocyjapcTBa Tleppbiii 4 BlacTb KOHIeHTpupyetca B pykax HoMapxoB Tepakmeonona, OObABMBLIMX ce6a cdapaoHaMM, COOTBeTCTBeHHO BO3paCTaeT TMOMMTMYeCKOe 3Ha4YeHHe 3aqubero HOMa, paCTeT HM MOMyAAPHOCTb HW 3HaYMMOCTb KOCMOFOHHMYeCKOM OKTPHHbI Tepmonovis. Topog YHyT momyyaet Ha3BaHHe Xemeny (kontck. HImyuHy) - «Bocemb», «BocbMépkKa» - B YUeCTb MOUMTABLIMXCA TaM BOCbMM V3Ha¥aJIbHbIX GOrOB-TBOPLOB. Kocmoronwueckas BepcHa TepMonoja pacrpoctTpaHWsiacb TOBCeMeCTHO, O/HaKO TIOb30BasIaCb MeHbIleli MOMyAPHOCTbIO, HeYKeH FeMOMOMbCKad HW MeMduccKaA kocmorouuH [9, c. 255]. Penurvo3Haa cucTema TepMoriosia 43BeCTHa B OCHOBHOM M0 TeKCTaM 1103/}HeTroO BpeMeHH, B 3HaYMTeIbHOM Mepe MpOHCXo/AUJ4M He 3 CcaMoro Tepmoniovia, a 3 Apyrux pemHrvo3HbIxX WeHTpoB. IIpexje Bcero cjleffyeT OTMeTHTb, YTO MeX*KAY orgoagoti TepmMonoms u 6orom ToTom HeT Takoii opraHMueckoli M TeCHOi CBA3H, Kak Mexyy Pa uv ero 3HHeaJon. 3HaMeHaTe/IbHO, UTO Ha3BaHve «BoceMb» Topo/, MoyUW B YeCTh BOCbMepKH 6oros, cocTosieii 13 ueTbIpex Map GoxKecTB, B UHC KOTOpbIX Gor ToT He BXOJMII. OTH YeTEIpe Mapbl (kaxkKJaa cocTosa v3 Gora u GorMHy), BHe BCAKOTO COMHeHHA, He 6bUIM MCKOHHbIMM GoraMi HM caMoro Tepmonos, HH 6mM3sexKalljHx MeCT; OHM - pe3yibTaT TeoOrMueckol CMeky/IAL|MH >KpeyecTBa. OTHMH UeTLIPbMA TMapaMu 6oxkecTB ObUIM Mpef{cTaBeHbI CTHXHH, 43 KOTOPbIX BO3HHK OpraHH30BaHHbIii MUp. [1, c. 314]. B wauane 6bu1 Xaoc. B Xaoce yapwau cub paspywieHua: BeckoHeyHOcT, Huurto, HeG6rrrue u Tema. B HeKOTOpBIX MCTOUHMKaX K «OTPHLaTeIbHbIM» M3HauaJIbHbIM CH/IaM Xaoca TIpHuvcAAfoTCA Tp Mapbi GoxecTB: TeHemy M ero *KeHCKad Mapatietb TeHemyut (Mpax, Ucue3sHopenue), Huay u Huayt (Ilycrora, Huuro), Tepex u Tepext (OrcytctTBHe, Houn). Pa3pyuiMTenbHbIM cHaM TIleppo3qaHHoro Xaoca MpoTHBOCTOAIM CO3HMaTe/IbHbIle CWJIbI - UeTbIpe Mapbl GorKeCTB, O/MLeTBOPAFOLMX CTHXMH, - Bemukaa Bocbmépxa, Orgoaga. Myxkckve 6oxKecTBa Bocbmépku - Xyx (BeckoHeuHocts), HyH (Boga), Kyk (TemHota) u Amon («Hesngumplii» - To ecrb Bo3gyx) umMenu o61uK Joye c ToMOBaMH Jiarywiek. Am cooTBeTcTBOBasIM 2KeHCKHe Mapbi: Xayxet, Hayner, Kayxet 4 Amayxet - 6orvHv Co 3MeHHBIMH rosoBamnu [10]. Boru Beanxoii Bocbmépku mapa B Ileppo3qaHHoM OxeaHe Hyue. 13 3emau i BOAbI OHM co3qjaM Avo Mu Bo3TO>%KMIM ero Ha Vi3HayanbHbiii Xomm - «OrHeHHbiiit octpos». M Tam, Ha ocTpose, 43 Aliya BbiIymusica Gor yrpeHHero ComHyja Xermpu.B «Kuure Méptspix» coxpaHHiHch dparMeHTbl 3TOM MudomorMyeckoii Bepcun, CBA3aHHOM C KOCMOrOHHYeCKO JOKTpHHo Tepmoniosa (Ho BocxogAlyeli, oueBHAHO, K [peBHellIMM, apxaHuecKHM TpescTaBieHuaM): Aiiyo, 43 KoTOporo poguica Gor Comnya, cHéc Ha Vi3HayanbHom Xomme Benukuii Torotyy - Genaa mruya, KoTopaa TlepBoii BleTe/a BO TbMy HM Hapyllvsia BexoBeuHoe Oe3smosBue Xaoca Hyna. Benukuii TorotyH 1306pa>Kasica B BHgfe Gesoro ryca - CBALeHHOM MTHUBI Gora 3emu Te6a. Ilo gpyroii BepcwM, comHeuHoe GorKecTBO, OCBeTHBIee 3eMJIIO, TIpeGbIBatOllly!0 BO Mpake, POfWIOCb H3 IBeTKa JIOTOCA, BbIpOciiem Ha M13HauaIbHOM XoMe; oT paflocTH MiageHely Pa 3ammakan, 4 v3 ero cie3, yMaBlIMX Ha XosM, BO3HHKJIH JOH; BIOCeCTBHH Ha XosIMe BO3HUK ropog Tepmonious [9, c. 261]. Tlo coBokynHocTH jjaHHbIX TlaBHbIM B TepMOMOMbCKO TeoroHHH WU KOCMOTOHHH ObIIO: BO-MepBbIX, MOAB/IeHHe 13 TepBOOLITHOTO OKeaHa TepBO3/jaHHOTO xojiMa Ha Mecte [TepMorosA; BO-BTOPbIX, BO3HHKHOBeHHe Ha XO/IMe uy/jeCHOroO JIOTOCa; B-TpeTbHX, porkKJeHHe 143 9TOTO JOTOCa Gora-peGeHka C MaJIbLeM y pTa. THM TlocleqjHHM akTOM 3aBeplilaeTcd COTBOpeHe MMpa MU couHIa; Gor-peGeHoK TlopoxkgaeT Apyrux Goros u srofeli, Mpwuem o JHOAAX TOBOPHTCA, UTO OHH MOABMJIMCb «v3 ra3» Gora. OTa Bepcua Nosy ua pacnipoctpaHeuve Erunte. 2.4 IIpeqcraprenua Memopuca B smoxy J[pepHero yapctBa Memauc Gp pesvseHiveli dapaoHoB u Ha MIpoT@KeHHH BCeli McTOopuu Erunta ocTaBasica OHM V3 CaMbIX KPYIIHbIX TOpofOB BIMATEIbHBIM WeHTpOM pesHMrvo3Hoi MbIcmuM. To, uro Mem@uc 6p OcHOBaH BO BpeMeua | quHacTHH, MosTBepxKjaeTca packonikamu On. [lurpu, B. Smepu u gp. Takum o6pa3om, Memouc 3HauvTembHo Gomee Mosogoii ropog, 4uemM ApeBHHii Temnoniosb. Ha3BaHve Memouc npoucxognt oT erumetcKoro mnnfr (Ha3BaHHe MHpaMHbI Tlenu 1), uro o3HayaeT «ycTOiuMBoe HM MpekpacHoe». Bo BpemMeHa XX AMHaCTHH Mem@uic ObvI TpeTbHM 10 3HaYeHHIO peMTMo3HbIM weHTpom Erunra, uTo COBepIeHHO ACHO 13 y2Ke YMOMMHaBleroca Mamupyca Xappuc | (Pusei, Temonosp, Memonuc). Kak u B Temmonose, B Memcuce urwiu MHornux Goros. [aBHbim Gorom Memouca 6b Gor IIta, ofWH u3 BarKHellMMx B erMmeTcKOi penturuu. O MpovcxokgeHuu [Ira Huuero He u3BecTHO. MoxkHo mpeffiomaratb, uTO 3TO ObIIO MecTHoe G6oxKecTBO Toro MyHKTa, B KOTOpOM Mo3fHee ObuI ocHOBaH Memouic, wm 6oxKecTBO KaKOi-To HaCe/leHHOM MecTHOCTH Mo cocegcTBy c Memaucom. Caepyer OTMeTHTb WHTepecHoe AB/IeHve: B «TekcTax mupamHg» [lta ynomuHaeTcA O4eHb peqKo, BcKomb3b. B nepvog JIpepHero wapcrBa [Ita TakKe ynoMAHYT v3peska, MMMOXoJOM, HeCMOTps Ha TO 4TO B 39TO BpeMA OH ObII MlaBHbIM GoroM LapcKoli pe3HeHuMH, T.e. Memouca. ManouncreHHb! ynomuHaHna o Ita u B Mocmesyrolllyto gmoxy, B «TekcTax CapKodaroB». 3aTo B TekcTax BpeMeHH Hosoro yapctsa Gor [ta yMoMvHaeTcs oueHb yacTo. M1 3To BromHe o6bacHuMo [1, c. 317]. IInoTb M TBOpueckad CHa 3TOTO BemMUalilero Gora mpeObIBatoT BO BCéM 2KMBOM VM H@?KHBOM, UTO eCTb Ha 3eMJie. ErHmaTHe MOUMTaIOT ero KaK MOKPOBHTeIA MCKyCCTB, peMécem, KopaOmecTpoeHua u 30fuecTBa. [ITax, ero >KeHa - Tpo3Haa 6oruHa-bBuyja CoxMeT M Xx cbIH - Gor pacTuTembHocTH Hedeptym cocTaBiIAtoT Memouccxyto Tpuagy [9, c. 265]. 3. Tlospnenne commyenokjoHHHuecTBa AMeHxoTen B30WIé1 Ha Mpecton B 1364 (no Apyroit xpoHonoruu B 1375) r. fo H. 9. T10J,| TPOHHbIM HMeHem Hedepxenpypa («IIpekpacHble cyujecTBoBaHHA Pa»), kK KOTOpoMy Ha BTOpoM rofy MpaBleHua fobaBun uma YoaHpa («EQMHCTBeHHBII, MpHHasiexkani Pa»), TeM CaMbIM jeKapaTHBHO fOJYepKHBad CBOIO TIPHBepKeHHOCT TesIMOMObCKOMy cosHeuHoMy Gory Pa, a He @uBaHCKoMy AMoHy. He no3qHee 4-ro rojja YapcTBOBaHHa Amenxoten IV >keHWJIcA Ha 3HaTHOM erMmTaHKe Heceptutu, mpe3peB MHOTOBeKOBy!0 Tpaf{HLito apckux Opakos: Mpectom B Erunre @opMasIbHO MepefaBasicA MO >KeHCKOM MHHM - tapaoHOM cTaHOBMJIcA cympyr cTapwieli gouepu mpegbiqyujero dapaona; HedepruTu xe He Oia fouepbIo Amenxotena III. (Mlogo6Hoe mpeHe6pexKeHve K TpaJMUMM BbIKa3a/1 B CBOé BpeMsA U Amenxoteni III, cqetap cBoeii «BemHKOl *KeHO» JOUb MpOBHHUMalbHoro >Kpelja Tuto, 6yfyuyro MaTb AMenxorenia IV.) [8]. Ha wlectom rogy npaBieHua AMeHxotert IV nepeHéc cTommMiy 43 DYB BO BHOBb TIOCTpoeHHbIM ropog, AxetaToH («HeGocktoH AToHa»), CMeHMI HMA cAmenxoten («AMOH JOBOJIeH») Ha OxHaTOH («[lome3HbIi ATOHY») 4, ympa3qHHB KY/IBTBI CllepBa AMOHa, a 3aT€M M BCeX OCTaIbHEIX Goro, ycTaHoBM B Erumre COJIHWenOKIOHHHYeCTBO (aTOHH3M). CosHeuHbIii AucK - ATOH - dapaoH oObABHI e7MHCTBeHHBIM G6orom, ceOsa >Ke caMoro - cbIHOM AToHa WM «eJMHCTBeHHBIM, T103HaBLUIMM MCTHHHOrO Gora». Victopuito comHenokKIOHHHYeCTBa MOXKHO T0/{pa3{eMTb Ha HECKOJIBKO 3TAIIOB (nepvogu3ayua 1O.A. Tlepenémkuua): ) Tlopa «mepBoHaua/IbHBIX COJHEUHEIX 0603HaueHHI» - C MOMeHTa BOL|apeHHa Ameuxotenia IV Jo 3-ro rogja yapcTBoBaHua. DapaoH JoCaBAeT K CBOeMy TpOHHOMY MMeHH Wma YaHpa («EQUHCTBeHHbIM, MpHHasiexaujuii Pa»), nogquépKuBad CBOIO TIpHBep*KeHHOCTb ComHuy B MIpOTHBOBeC TlaBHOMy TrocyjjapcTBeHHomMy Gory Amony. ATOH HauvHaeT KO CBEHHO YHOMMHAaTECA Kak 60>KeCTBO. ) Hopa «Crpouxoro comHeyHoro WMeHM» - 3-4 rr yapcTBoBaHHa. ATOH, Kak 6or, NounTaerca m0, uMeHem «Pa-XopaxTH, sIMKyIOUsMii Ha HeOOCKOHe B HMeHH cBoém Illy, KoToppiii ecTtb AToH». AMOH B 93TOT MepHoy, Mo-mpexkHemy ocTaéTca BepXOBHbIM 6oroM TMaHTeoHa, C/Iy»KeHHe eMy TIOBCeMeCTHO MpofjospKaeTca, XOTA CTPOHTe/IECTBO BO CaBy AMOHa yoKe He BeseTCA, B TO BpeMaA Kak B KapHakKCKOM XPaMOBOM KOMIUIeKce CTpouTca xpam AToHa. ) Tlopa «paHHHx comHeYHbIX KapTyluel (y 1O.A. lepenémkuna - «komerp) 70 MepeuMeHoBaHHa (qbapaoHa B OXHaTOHa - 4-6 rr. WapcTBoBaHHa. «CTpouHoe COsIHeUHOe HMA» 3ak/OUaeTCA B KapTyIIM HarlofjoGve uMéH cbapaoHa H efo >KeHEI. Cromuyja MepeHocutca B AxeTaToH. OfHako JO MepeHoca cTomHibl AMOoH M0- TiIpekHeMy He JIMUaJICA C/ly2KeHHA, XOTA yoKe BO BCéM «ycTynal» ATOHY; HO JO OTKpbITOrO HH3/1I0%KeHHA AMoHa ObUIO elyé Jas1eKo. ) Topa «paHHHx cOHeYHBIX KapTylel» Mocne MepedMeHoBaHHa cbapaona - TipuMepHo fo 12-ro rojja WapcTBOBaHHaA. AMOH HH3/107KeH, KYJIbT ero TIOBCeMeCTHO 3alpeljéH, CTaTyM YyHMUYTOKaIOTCA, WMeHa CTHpakoTCA C MaMATHHKOB. «[IpeciieqoBaHviio» TMogBepraroTca TakoKe cympyra AMona MytT wu ux cbIH XoHcy - 6oru ®upancKoi Tpuagpt. Kynbtsi Bcex mpounx GoroB MpofsomKaloT OTMpaBATBCA, TOHeHHH Ha HHX HeT. ) Tlopa «mo3qHvx cCOHeUHBIX KapTylleii» - C BeHasaToro rosa ljapCTBOBaHHA BIVIOTh JO CMepTH OxHaToHa. ComHije MountaeTca Mo, uMeHeM Pa, BlaCTHTeb HeEOOCKIOHHBIM, JIMKYIOWMii Ha HeGocKIOHe B MMeHH cBoém Pa-oTen, MpvweswHi Kak ATOH» - TO eCTb M3 paHHero COJHeEYHOTO HMeHH H3FOHAIOTCA yMoMMHaHua cTapbix Goros: Xopa (B MMeHH « XopaxTw») u ly (mpuuém «XopaxTu» PaHHHX COJHEUHBIX KapTyllel, cTaBiee OOWeMpHBbIUHBIM, 3aMeHAeTCA MHbIM 10 CMBICJIy, HO 6/1M3KHM To 3By4aHHIO «BlacTHTeeM HeGOOCK/IOHHbIM» - «XeKa-aXTW>). SalpelljeHbI KY/IbTbI BCeX CTapbIX G6oOroB, CO/IHIeMOKIOHHHYeCTBO CTaHOBHTCA HeHcTOBBIM [9, c. 288]. CosHyenokIOHHHYeCcKHe XpaMbI HMesM BUA OOHeCéHHBIX KaMeHHOIi orpajoli OTKPBITEIX JBOPOB C JVIMHHbIMH p#fjaMM %KepTBEHHHKOB 110 06e CTOPOHbI OT BxOsja. Bxog, Kak MpaBHMyio, ObWI OpHeHTHpoBaH Ha BOCTOK (3a MCKOUeHHeM XpaMa «IIpopogbr AToHa Ha MoKoii», BxXof, KOTOporo Gb oGpaljéH Ha 3amag). Han6omee 3HaUMTesIbHbIe XpaMbl AXeTaToHa: ) Bonbuioti Xpam Atoua («JJom AtoHa B AxeTaToHe»), HMeBLUMi HeECKObKO COcTaBHBIX uacTeli: «JJom mMkoBaHHA AToHa», «CeHb Pa >keHbI (papaOHOBOH BEKO Hedeptutu - »xvBa oHa!», «Bocxogur ATOH» H Jp.; ) «Bop AtoHa» - mHuHBIi XpaM CeMbH dbapaoHa, pacnosoxKeHHbIii BO ABOpye Henlojjaiéky OT JIM4HbIX TloKoeB AMenxoteria IV; ) «Cexb Pa» - xpaMbl, MOCBALJéHHbIe MaTepH OxHaTOHa THH UH ero JouepaM. Ha3HaueHHe 3THX XpaMoOB HeACHO; ) «posogpt AToHa Ha MoKoii» - xpaM BeyepHHx Oorocy>KeHHi, re raBHoli ope Gbi1a cama Hecbeprutu. J\ia [peBHeerumeTcKoro COMHLeMOKMOHHMYeCTBa XapakTepHbI /{Ba OCHOBHBIX MIpH3Haka WIM, TOUHee, Ba pemurMo3Hblx ycToa [10, c.105]. Tlepppiii 43 3THX yCTOeB - 1HOO0Bb K «3eMHOI >KH3HH. KybT 3eMHOM 2KH3HH XOTA H He ObLI NIpAMO MpOTHBOMOCTaBseH 3arpOOHOMY KYJIbTY, HO ABHO Haj] HUM Bo300maga. B axeTaTOHCKOM HCKyccTBe BMepBbie B McTopuu Erumra nosBiseTca Meza, MpoctaBiseTca KpacoTa Mpuposbl. MuHorue 3aNbI ABOpia OblIM pactucaHbl B «leii3ax%KHOM» CTHJIe: 110 Mo/ly BbéTCA TpOMMHKa, GOKOBbIe CTeHbI - 3apociH KaMbIlla, BbIlile - HeOo, 0 KOTOpomy JleTator mTuubI. Ha axeTaTOHCKHXx cTesax, Ha CTeHHBIX pocrcax AxeTaTOHCKoro j{BOplja - BCHOAY w300paxKaetTca s1060Bb OxHaToHa u HecbepTuTu, HX posMTeIbcKad HeXKHOCTh K OUepAM, - JO OxHaTOHa JIMWHad 2KH3Hb LapCKOM CeMbM HUKOrja He W300paxKaslacb Ha aMATHHKax. OHako Bce Take W300paxKeHHa ABIAFOTCA He ObITOBbIMM, a KYJIBTOBbIMH. «3aMeHHB MHOTOUNCJIeHHbIe KYJIbTbI GOTOB KYJIBTOM offHoro ATOHa, DXHaTOH He MpOcTo BbIBel 2KpeyecTBoO v3 Hpbi, a MpeBpaTH KyibT ComHeyHoro J[vcKa, ABIABLUerOcA ero OTIOM, BO BHYTpHcemeliHoe jeno. Tlepey Hamu HarmagHeliuiee 1306pa3zMTembHoe YTPHpoBaHHO, BOCIIpOv3BO/ATCA HeMPHBeKaTebHbIe OCOGeHHOCTH LapcKoro Te/10 C1OKeHHA. TOT KOHTpacT CTaporo HM HOBOTO CTHMel OcobeHHO pe3ko GpocaeTca B Tvla3a B (MBaHCKO rpoOHHye Be3Hpa AMeHxotera IV mo uMeHH Pamoce (uapb w300paxKeH 3//eCb TO B CTapoOM, TO B HOBOM cTwie). 'poOHutja He 3aKOHYeHa, HW UTO CTasIOCb C Be3HpoM - Hev3BecTHo [1, c. 333]. PedopMa MMevia JJOBO/IbHO Cepbe3Hble MOcseCTBHA: BO-MepBbIX, TeHJJeHUHA K MOHOTer3My (OJJHOBpeMeHHO B [lamecTHHe BO3HMKIa MOHOTeHCTHYeCKad peHrHA); BO-BTOpbIX, JjaH CTHMY K pa3BHTHIO asidbaBHTHOrO THcbMa (oT TaiiHOrMcn, w306pa3HTeMbHOrTO TIMCbMa C/lefOBaIO OTKa3aTbCA, yMpOljeHHe MepormMbuKH, HO CaMH eFrunTaHe 10 KOHIa HauvHaHHe He JOBE, BOCTIOMb30BaIHCb (PMHMKMULbI); B- TpeTbHX, HOBINeCTBa B XYJOKeCTBeHHOM TpaqMy“H u300paxKeHua B OObATHAX >KeHBI, Ha pyKax C peOeHkom, 3a OGeJeHHBIM CTOJIOM, HesyroujMMcs, urparoujum u T.1. Ho capaoHy He XBaTH/I0 BpeMeHH, ero MpeeMHHKH He CHJIbHbI i FOHI, MPOTHBHHKH >Ke YKpelHIM CBOH M03ML{MH, H BCe BepHy/IOCb Ha KpyTH cBos [8]. B crpaHe no Boyle aps, B CH/ly ero aBTOpHTeTa M peasIbHOl BacTH GBLIO ycTaHOBeHo (bakTHYeCKH CTporoe efMHOGOKHe, 3AaMeHHBIIee [peBHHM NomMTeW3M. "Jlaxke Ha OKpaHHe CTpaHbl, B OT/aJIeHHeMIMX XpPaMOBbIX YTOJbAX, C/eOBaIH CTOMUHBIM MeponpuaTuam. B camoii cTomute, B ropose H2 10 o4eHb CKpoMHOrO oOujecTBeHHOro TowoxKeHHA BCAYeCKH V36eramH yMoTpeOMATb Ha COOCTBeHHOIi Mlorpe6aibHoli yTBapH cmoBpo «Gor». OgHako koe-rje MpopbiBacb cTapbie Tpaguyuu. B HagnvcH mpaBHTena ofHOro Topofa HefateKo oT AxeTaTOHa yniomuHaetca Gor XHymM". OgHako mofo6uble dakTb! GObuIM efMHHUHEIMH. Cua WapckoH BacTH MocTaBMsa, M0 KpaiiHeli Mepe, BHelIHe, BCHO CTpaHy Ha KO/IeHH Tiepey, Gorom AToHoM. «BbiI0 MosHOe OTBep»KeHHe CTapbIx Soros... OJHOBpeMeHHO To ObLIO MosHOe TOp>KeCTBO H 3aBeplieHHe MpesCTaBeHHA O COsIHLe Kak O bapaoHe, TipegcTaBleHHA, OTYeTIHBO TIpocTynaBllero B HOBOM CO/HIeMOKIOHHMUECTEE... Hopas Bepa... cTala BHJeTb H B dapaoHe HM B COMHIe TOKO BYX CBepXbeCTeCTBeHHBIX Lapel. OxHaTOH BbIOpocH 3 TelwMonombcKoro yueHua o Gore Pa 23/1eMeHTbI MMoN0rHH, CHMBOJIMKH HM MO/MTev3Ma, COXpaHHB JIMIIb BCe Helocpe/|CTBeHHO «COJIHLeMOKIOHHHYeCKOe» B pal|MOHasIH3MpoBaHHoM Buze [9, c. 216]. Boxpyr dapaoHa MosByiacb HOBad GOtOpoKpaTHA WM HOBOe >KpeueCTBO, oKpeyectso Gora AToHa. MuBbl NpHWWIM B 3anycTeHue. B coKpoBHiyHuyy AMoHa TlepecTasIM MOcTyMaTb Kakve-s1H00 AOxosbI, cam HMeHa AMoHa U4 Apyrux 6orKecTB TlosBeprasHcb MpecieOBaHHto - HX MOBCeMeCTHO CTHpasM B Hagmucax. Ama AMoua cTHpajocb fake B KapTylwax NoKoliHoro Ameuxotena III. Lapp, Hocupuinii TeodbopHoe uma AmeHxoten («AMOH JOBOsIeH»), CMeHHWI ero Ha OxHaTOH («yrogHbIii Atony»). B nmpaBieHuv OxHaToHa BlepBble HM OH eMHCTBeHHBIM pa3 B MCTOpHu ApesHero Erunta mposBisacb pemMrvo3Haad HeTepmumocts [1, c. 337]. Amenxoten IV (1419-1402 go H.9.) cena cMenyto 4 MouTH GecrpHMepHyto TIOMBITKY OCBOGOJHTECA OT OMeKH >Kpelj[OB M COKPyIMTb WX Mob. CHavasla OH TIOMbITa/IcA OFMepeTbCcA, B MpOTHBOBec >«KpeljaM AMOHa, Ha [eHOTMObCKOe 2KpeuecTBO, HO, BCTpeTHB B 3TOM MpoTHBOselicTBHe, Mepelies kK Goslee pelliMTesbHbIM MepaM: OH OTMeHMII Ky/IbT BCex Goro B rocy/japcTBe, MpHKa3a/I 3aKPbITb MX XpaMbl BbIJBHHY Hoporo Gora - AToHa. B cBoeii MomMTHKe DxHaTOH OMMpasica Ha YaCTb CpegqHuX cl0eB HaceseHHA, CTpafaBLIMX OT 3aCH/IbA apHCTOKpaTHM HM >KpevecTBa. Tlogkmaqka 3TOM penurMo3sHo pecopmb! Obiia MomuTMYecKad, HU caMa pedbopma rpaHMunia Cc HacTosiel peBpomtouveli. Ho noupa Aa MocmegHeti Gpima cmabaa. Crapoe >KpeuecTBO, BBICTyMaA B COIO3e CO 3HaTbIO Hi OMMpasCb Ha WIMpoKHe cou Hace/IeHHA, Cpe KOTOpOro OHO MposOsDKasIO MOb30BaTECA GOsIbIIMM aBTOpHTeTOM, opraHv30BaI0 Tyxoe, HO yiopHoe compoTHBmeHve Lapto-pedopmatopy. Hospi LeHTpasIV30BaHHbI OPHLMaIbHbIM KYJIbT CYUCCTBOBAI JIMLIb Mp 2KH3HH OXxHaTOHa. Ero mpeeMHHKH BEIHYKeHbI ObVIM BHOBb TOJYMHMTCA B/IMAHMIO HeC/IOM/IeHHOTO (uBaHCKOrO *KpevecTBa, BOCCTaHOBHTb KYJIbT CTapbIx 6oroB M MpeKpaTHTb Ky/IbT Atoua. CamMoe uma Yaps-epetuka ObiIo CKopo MpesjaHo MpoKATHHO. Ofjep>KaBiliee mioGexy »kpeuecTBo Tocse 3TOM GopEObl AHINb yCuMOCb. 3aKkro"eHHe Penurua ApeBHuXx erumTaH B cbaHTacTHueckoi dopMe oTparKala cheLMpuKy TIpHpofHBIX yCOBM JomMHbI Huma, ocobeHHOCTH COLMa/IbHO-3KOHOMHUYeCKOTO 1 MIOMMTMYeCKOrO pa3BHTHA {peBHeerumetcKoro oOujectBa. Erumtane o6oroTBopsamM comHye, JlyHy, pexy Hua, ry6uTembHyto MycTbIHIO, XMIHBIX %KHBOTHBIX, yrporKatoujHx YeOBeKy, pazIMUHble CMWIbI Npuposb. OSbexTomM mounTaHua cTas WapcTByfoujuii cbapaoH, opraHv3aTop MppvralMoHHO!i CHCTeMbI 3eMJejemus, MOBeMMTeMb Ose MW CTHXMMHbIX cul. ErvmeTcKad pemurua Mpolwia AVIMTesbHBI IlyTb pa3BHTHA H KO BpemMeHH Hoporo yapcTBa MpeBpaTWacb B 3aKOHUeHHY1O pemurvo3Hyto «cucTemy. Teorpadwueckad u30nayua Erumra croco6cTBopasa CaMOCTOATeIBHOCTH § pelHMrHo3Horo)§=6pa3BHTHa, cmaOocTH BIMAHMA Apyrux Pe/IMrvo3HbIx CHCTeM. Penurua Erunra - sBleHve o4eHb MHorooOpa3zHoe, B Heli coueTaeTCA cbeTHUIH3M HM TOTeMH3M, TOsMTeH3M HM MOHOTeH3M, TeOsIOrHA M KOCMOTOHHA, KYJIBT, Heo6pluaiiHo pasHooOpa3Hble H MpoTHBopeuMBble MHipbI, He MeHee pa3HooOpa3Hble U1 TIPOTHBOpeuMBble MpefcTaBleHia oO 3arpoOHO >2Kv3HH. 3a Gomee uemM Tpex TbICdueMeTHIOIO ~cTopuio Erumra, ero pelurua fMpeTepriepata pa3H4Hble vW3MeHeHHA, OOrM OTJebHbIX HOMOB CTaHOBHJIMCb TlaBHbIMH Goramu rocy/apcTsBa, MeHa/IM WMeHa WIM CJIMBaIMcb c ApyrumMM GoramMv, HO OCHOBHad KOHIeryMa ocTaBaylacb Hev3MeHHO!. Bepa B 3arpoOHy!O >KM3Hb, cy Haj, JjeqHHaMu COBepUIeHHBIMH TIpH %KH3HH, HeoOxosMMocTb 3a60THTca 06 coxpaHHOCTH Tesla yMepulero uemopeka, oG6oxKecTBIeHHe capaoHa H TI. COxXpaHasacb JO MosBIeHHA XPHCTHaHCTBa, a M03%Ke M TlaBHO Mepeliia B XPHCTHaHCTBO B BYYJe NOUNTaHHA Ter WIM WX OCTaTKOB pa3/IMUHbIX MYYeHHKOB, CBATBIX HM TI. pajjeTemeli 3a Bce YesIOBeUeCTBO. Ervmetckad pemurua - AByleHe He TOJbKO XPpOHO/OrMu4eCKH MpoT*MKeHHOe, HO MW MHOroaciieKTHOe: 3TO cbeTuw13M UW TOTeCMH3M, MOJMTeH3M HY MOHOTeHCTHYeCcKkoe