Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Significance, Articles, and Impact, Study notes of History

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HISTORY NOTES 1 History notes There will be a very important topic to choose and discuss in the presentation and will need to be defined as the significance of it on the exam Formative  Source analysis  Socratic circle  Class discussions summarative  World ii in-class report  Rights and freedom source analysis  End of semester exam (both topics) Notes  Before the world war II , Germany became a country  the imperialism dominate world politics  the new German leaders that came aboard saw this as an opportunity to make Germany great  imperialism: a policy of extending a countries power and influence through colonisation use of military force.  Throughout the 1800s and the beginning of the 1900s countries had formed alliances with one another than divided by the year 1914 which was the beginning of the first war  Alliances: Britain, France and Russian (the triple entente) , (Germany, Austria- Hungary  Russia and Serbia were long lasting friends  July 28 1914 archduke Franz Ferdinand the heir apparent to the Austria/Hungarian throne was assistant to Serbia  A couple days later we had Germany declare war on Russia, then France begins preparations in defence of Russia  Then on the 3rd of august 1914. Germany declares war on Russia’s ally France Britain ten begins war preparations in defence of France and Russia  4th august 1914 Britain declarers war on German and Australia follows. 2 Alliances, since Germany and Britain were enemy’s then who were their allies , on Germany’s side there was Austria-Hungary and Italy forming the triple alliance while Italy jump ship later in the war, the three powers signed an alliance pact in 1882 promising to back each other up in the future if they were ever to be attacked by France or Russia. This move made Britain, France and Russia nervous especially because of how Germany was quickly becoming a strong military, so these three created the triple Entente as an defence to the triple alliance in all power , these alliances got into a habit of granting Blank Cheques promising to defend their allies at any cost. Germany guaranteed Austria-Hungary complete support in any actions it look against Serbia due to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand so when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia Russia consequently declared war on Austria-Hungary, Germany had to declare war on Russia due to the blank cheque that was made this meant that the rest of the triple entente Britain and France than declared war on Germany because of their blank cheque that was also made, these alliances pulled countries into an otherwise unnecessary war Some of the key takeaways : World War 1 was the result of some pretty complicated factors and a rather unfortunate series of events in 1914, which saw major European powers pulled into a war thanks to their unconditional alliances  Archduke Franz Ferdinand—the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire—was assassinated on 28 June 1914 by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip.  This fuelled significant tensions between Austria-Hungary and Serbia, kickstarting a series of events.  25 July: Serbia refused an ultimatum issued by Austria-Hungary on 25 July,  28 July: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia a few days later  31 July: Having given Austria-Hungary a blank cheque, Germany got involved, demanding Russia (Serbia’s ally) stop mobilising its army.  1 August: Germany formally declared war on Russia, significantly escalating tensions.  3 August: Germany then declared war on France (one of Russia’s allies) to get the upper hand.  4 August: Germany implemented the Schlieffen Plan, with German soldiers entering neutral Belgium as a step towards the planned invasion of France.  In response, Britain followed through on its promise to protect Belgian neutrality and declared war on Germany, marking the final descent into WWI! World War 2 was the largest and deadliest conflict in human history, involved more than 50 nations and was fought on land, sea, and air in nearly every part of the world. Also known as the 2nd World War Why was the league of nations created and what was it main aims? The creation of the League of Nations marked a new era of multilateral cooperation. The Coventant bound its member States to try to settle their dispute peacefully. By joining the League, Member States also renounced secret diplomacy, committed it reduce their armaments, and agreed to comply with international law. How many countries? 63 states What was unique about America’s involvement? They provided significant amount of military supplies and other assistance to the Allies, and they we’re not involved but they didn’t attend the League of Nations as they were the ones to start off the League of Nations Explain 3 strengths and weaknesses of the League of Nations 5 Good protocols with dealing with aggressive behaviour The league When did the League of Nations collapse The league of nations held its first meeting in the Swiss hotel and the Russian’s and Germans were not members either as well as America Many saw the first priority as the disbarment Germany was the one to be completely disarmed One of the major aims were for the countries to lower their armour and weapon and this was mostly for the big countries The cause-and-effect was they could get the peave and then when they came to nearly agreeing with the treaty, they always kept on postponing the discussion that was going to happen How the German had felt was that they had felt robbed because of the damage they had caused and many didn’t want to be German anymore and what to move to other countries and they had to pay back instalment’s which could’ve been payed back uptil 1980 but got payed back in 2010 The Great Depression On October 29 1929 this was coined ‘Black Tuesday’ where the stock market crashed causing widespread money lose throughout America, within a week stocks crashed up to 40% of their original value. The Great Depression was a worldwide economic depression that occurred from 1929- 1941 it began in American and then slowly affected a large number of other countries, it was the largest and the most widespread depression of the 20th century , the depression had devastating effects to both the rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped in America unemployment rose to 25%. What caused the great depression Unequal wealth distribution the banking system was unstable Many farmers were deeply in debt and if the bank didn’t receive the money, they closed shop International credit and trade was threatened Countries owed a lot of money to either pay reputations or owed money to America from the war, this caused loan cycle in which Germany and Austria had to borrow money from America in order to pay reperation to allies than the allies were paying off war debt this vicious loan This created a dangerous loan cycle from allies Germany and united states The economy lacked diversity : property relied too heavily on a few basic industries constructions and automobiles Unequal wealth distribution undercut consumer demand: The average workers wage was too low to adequately create a market for good to be purchased so basically the average person couldn’t afford them Politics: Politics were impacted by the Depression's struggling of capitalism without limits. President Herbert Hoover promoted the laissez-faire economics, and it had failed. Unemployment , in 1929 the final year of the roaring twenties , employment rate was at 4.2% which was the less than the natural rate of unemployment by 1930 it had been more than doubled to 8.7% and it slowly incred to 23.6% by 1932 there was an increase of 14.9% throughout the 2 years Stock market lose 90% of it value between 1929 and 1932 The rise and fall of the Weimar Republic: The Weimar Republic refers to Germany and its political system between late 1918 (the end of World War 1) and in 1933) ( the rise of Nazism) The republic adopted one of the world’s most democratic and progressive constitution. On the first year of Weimar Republic, they were unsettled, which was marked by the international isolation and economic suffering. In 1920 the Nazis were the ones of many small groups, which was filled with distinguished nationalist and ex-soldiers, their growth as well as their development and rise to power was shaped by the political and economic conclusions in 6 the Weimar Republic . By the year of 1923, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi troop’s tried to seize contrl in Munich but were defeated by the German troops. The Weimar Republic was capable of resisting the extremists’ attempting to seize the power on this occasion. Identify and analyse the most significant factors in the collapse of the Weimar Republic Economy- while the Nazis rise to their power, such parties restructure and propaganda, which certainly played a role in their rise to power, the economic and political failure of the Weimar Republic which was also one of the other key factors, Germany’s economy suffered badly due to the incident that occurred “ wall street crash of 1929” as a result wages fell by 39% from 1929 to 1932 people in full time employment fell from twenty in 1929, to just over a million in 1933. Cultural: due to the fall of the economy and how everything was coming out to be worth no value and the political systems were crashing down others planned on moving to different countries for a better and value of a lifestyle. Social factor: changes to the standard living, inflation created huge challenges towards this issue. Not just regular inflation but hyperinflation causing several issues throughout the economy Political factors:- political and economical circumstances caused millions to change their voting preferences and supporting extreme properties Hitler’s rise to power – How the Nazi party gained support As part of the, Nazi Party, Hitler appealed to the young by presenting Germany as a new modern country that would bring about jobs, new achievements, new roads and new factoies. Hitler appealed to the older population by referring to traditional German values of family and hard work. They Party’s military uniform demonstrated strength and unity during a time when the existing government was though to be weak. Timing - Economic depression 1929 - July 1930 chansler bulick cut - 1932 - The NSDAO ( The Nazi party) secure 230 seats out of 606, - Article 48 - February 27 1923 - March 5th 1933 The NSDAP (The Nazi Party) secure 288 seats out of 64 , this was a good choice for Hitler to take an advantage of his followers that since communism was hated by Hitler’s followers hated the communist making them go onto - Enabling act march 23 1941 - April 1984 - June 30th 1934 the knight of the long knives - August 2nd hindingbergs dies The treaty of Versailles: In January 1919, the victorious nations met at the Paris Peace conference in France, to come up with a plan for rebuilding Europe and Ensuring ongoing peace for the future. Leaders of 32 countries were represented at the conference, but negotiation were domination by the four main power. Prime minister David Lloyd George of Britain, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau of France, President Woodrow Wilson of the USA and prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy. These four leaders were divided on how to treat the defeated nations. The French, who had suffered greatly during World War 1, wanted revenge and compensation for the damage done to their country. Clemenceau wanted to waken Germany to such an extent that it would never be able to take up arms again. 7 Human rights are the rights and freedoms to which all humans entitled, regardless of their race, sex. Class, language or religion. They are regarded as the bright light of all human beings, available equally and universally. As such, they cannot be overridden or negated by laws, governments or nations states. Human rights are regarded as essential in creating the conditions for human happiness and well-being. _____universal declaration of human rights __________________________________ a) When was the UDHR created and how did WWII lead to its creation? : 10th December 1948 b) What is its purpose? : To declare a certain set of rights as a universal to all human beings, as it was the first international agreement on the basic principles of human rights, nearly every state has accepted the declaration of human rights, it has inspired more than 80 international conventions and treaties, as well as numerous regional conventions and domestic laws. c) How many articles does the Declaration contain? : An introductory article about the history and continuing significance of this extraordinary landmark document  Article 1: all human beings are born to be free  Article 2: Freedom from discrimination  Article 3: Right to Life  Article 4: Freedom from slavery  Article 5: Freedom from torture  Article 6: Right to Recognition Before the Law  Article 7: Right to equality before the Law  Article 8: Right to Remedy  Article 9: Freedom from Arbitrary Detention  Article 10: Right to a fair trial  Article 11: Presumption of innocence and international crimes  Article 12: Right to Privacy  Article 13: Freedom of Movement  Article 14: Right to Asylum  Article 15: Right to Nationality  Article 16: Right to Marry and Found a Family  Article 17: Right to Own Property  Article 18: Freedom of Religion and Belief  Article 19: Freedom of Opinion and Expression  Article 20: Freedom of Assembly and Association  Article 21: A short course of Democracy  Article 22: Right to Social Security  Article 23: Right to Work  Article 24: Right to Rest and Leisure  Article 25: Right to Adequate Standard of Living  Article 26: Right of Education  Article 27: Right to Cultural, Artistic and Scientific Life  Article 28: Right to a free and fair world  Article 29: Duty to your Community  Article 30: Rights are inalienable d) Construct a table that identifies which human rights are proclaimed in the Declaration under the following categories: Recognizing that, in accordance with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights the ideal of free human beings enjoying civil and political freedom and freedom from fear and what 10 can only be achieved if conditions are created whereby everyone may enjoy their civil right as well as the economic, social and cultural rights Category 1: Civil & political rights Article Topic Article # Explanation We are all born free and equal Article 1 All people have the right to self-determination, they may also for their own ends, freely dispose of their natural wealth and resources without prejudice to any obligations arising out of international economic co-operation, based upon the principle of mutual benefits and international law. The states Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of Non-Self- Governing and Trust Territories, shall promote and realization of the right of self- determination, and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the character of the United Nation Freedom from discrimination Article 2 Each state party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind. Each state party to the present Covenant at least undertakes, ensuring that nay person whose rights or freedoms as herein recognized are violated shall have an effective remedy, notwithstanding that the violation has been committed by people acting in an official capacity Right to life Article 3 The states Parties to the present covenant undertakes to ensure the equal rights of men and women, including the enjoyment of all civil and political rights set forth in the present Covenant. Freedom from Slavery Article 4 In time of public emergency which threatens the life of the nation and the existence of which is officially proclaimed, the States Parties to the present Covenant may take measures derogating from their obligations under the present, Covenant to the extent strictly required by the exigencies of the situation, provided that such measures are not inconsistent with their other obligations under international law and do not 11 involve discrimination solely on the ground of race, colour, language, religion or social origin Category 2: Economic, social & cultural rights e) Which countries have signed the UDHR?  Austria  Belgium  France  Australia  Brazil  Argentina  Afghanistan  Democratic Republic  Armenia  Brazil  Bulgaria f) Who is responsible for upholding the rights in the UDHR? Explain why. : Human Rights Council, the human rights council which was established in 2006 meets in Geneva, it replaced the 60-year-old UN commission on human rights as the key independent UN intergovernmental body responsible for human rights g) What does each clause have in common? : they all revolve around the h) Research and explain Australia’s involvement in the development of the declaration i) Research ONE religion, philosophy or government that promotes and/or protects individuals’ rights and explain how they go about this. j) Would the 20th century be different without this document? Explain why/why not. k) As well as the rights set out in the UDHR, children have extra rights set out in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. What are some rights stated in this document? Treatment of Aboriginal Australians – Stolen Generation  As part of the Freedoms of Australia’s, legislation that reinforced the secondary position of indigenous Australian people was introduced  This meant that indigenous Australians were not counted in the census and were prohibited from voting in federal elections  In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a theory that indigenous Research on how did the interpretations of the 150-year anniversary of colonisation of Australia differ between the first Nations people and non-indigenous people? The History behind Australia Day, has taken multiple turns along the way. In 1938 it wasn’t really given a thought towards convicts in a parade of history. This also collides with the same parade which was meant with a silent group of protested who called Australia Day a “National Day of Mourning”. The diversity of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander culture in Australia is something we should all take pride in as a nation However, it is important to look at our history with openness and honesty. Since the colonisation of Australia by European settlers, Aboriginal and Torres Strait There is different interoperations of January 26 and it still happens till this day Why did prime minister joseph meet with the organisers of the day of Mourning? They spent 2 hours together, and they didn’t bring up and make any political or practical changes Eddie Gilbert  Born on the 1st of August 1905  Died 9th January 1978  Best remembered of all Aboriginal cricketers to play first-class cricket in Australia Mary Bennett  Born 8th July 1881  Died 6th October 1961 12 Exam notes for history: Practice questions- WORLD WAR 1 1. World War 1, also known as the Great War, was a global conflict that took place from 1914 to 1918. It involved many of the world's major powers, including Germany, Austria- Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and the Allies (which consisted of countries such as France, Britain, and Russia). The war was primarily fought in Europe, but it also spread to other parts of the world. It was triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, which led to a series of alliances and conflicts What was the duration of World War 1? Answer: 1914 to 1918 2. World War 1 was characterized by trench warfare, a form of combat where opposing armies dug elaborate systems of trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire. These trenches stretched across the Western Front, a battle line that ran from Belgium to Switzerland. Life in the trenches was harsh, with soldiers enduring unsanitary conditions, constant shelling, and the threat of diseases like trench foot. Trench warfare resulted in a stalemate for much of the war, with neither side making significant gains What type of warfare was predominant in World War 1? Answer: Trench Warfare 3. The involvement of the United States in World War 1 played a significant role in tipping the balance in favour of the Allies. Prior to joining the war in 1917, the United States had pursued a policy of neutrality. However, factors such as Germany's unrestricted submarine warfare and the interception of the Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany proposed an alliance with Mexico against the US, led to America's entry into the conflict. The arrival of fresh American troops and resources provided a boost to the Allied forces and helped turn the tide of the war. What event led to the United States joining World War 1? Answer: Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare 4. The end of World War 1 came with the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. This treaty imposed harsh conditions on Germany, including massive reparations payments, territorial losses, and limitations on its military. The treaty also redrew the map of Europe, leading to the creation of new countries and the dissolution of empires. The harshness of the treaty, coupled with economic hardships and political instability, set the stage for future conflicts, most notably World War 2. The aftermath of World War 1 had a lasting impact on the world. Which treaty marked the end of World War 1? Answer: Treaty of Versailles 5. World War 1 resulted in a staggering loss of life and had far-reaching consequences. It is estimated that over 16 million people, both military personnel and civilians, died as a direct result of the war. The war also led to significant social, political, and economic changes. The empires of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire collapsed, giving rise to new nations and reshaping the geopolitical landscape. The war also contributed to the rise of extremist ideologies, such as fascism and communism, which would play a major role in shaping the 20th century. Approximately how many people died as a result of World War 1? Answer: Over 16 million people were killed 6. Which country granted women the right to vote during World War 1? 15 o United Kingdom o France o Germany o United States 7. Which organization was founded during World War 1 to advocate for women's suffrage? o National organisation for Women o Women’s social and political Union o National Women’s party o National American Women suffrage Association 8. How did the role of women during World War 1 impact societal perspectives on gender roles? o The way reinforced Traditional Gender roles o The war challenged traditional gender roles and paved the way for societal change o The war led to decrease in women’s rights movement o Women’s work during the war had no effect on gender roles o Women’s contribution during the war led to increased support for women suffrage 9. What was the primary cause of World War 1 o Political Alliances o Nationalistic Fervour o Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand o Economic competition 10. Which country was responsible for the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand o Austria-Hungary o France o Russia o Germany 11. What impact did World War 1 have on Women’s rights o Significant advancements o No impact o Limited Progress o Rights remained unchanged 12. What impact did World War 1 have on Art and Literature o It promoted the creation of fairy tales o Its stifled creativity and innovation o It inspired war poetry and novels o It led to decline of Romanticism o It led to the rise of Dadaism 13. How did world war 1 impact the economy o It led to the great depression o It caused massive inflation in Germany o It led to the creation of the European Union o It created a shift towards a war economy WORLD WAR 2 14. What was the major cause of World War 2 16 o Religious conflicts o Political ideologies o Territorial disputes o Economic instability 15. Who was the leader of Nazi Germany during World War 2 o Winston Churchill o Joseph Stalin o Benito Mussolini o Adolf Hitler 16. what was the running point of World War 2 in the Pacific Theatre o Peral Harbor Attack o D-Day invasion o Battle of Stalingrad o Battle of Midway 17. What were some of the strategic objectives of Allied forces in World War 2 o Invade Antarctica o Establish a moon base o Open up a western front in Europe o Capture berlin o Promote democracy in Axis countries 18. What were some of the major technological advancements that came out of World War 2 o Development of Nuclear weapons o Creation of the mobile phone o Invention of the television o Improvements in radar technology o Advancements in rocket technology PROPAGANDA DURING WORLD WAE 2 19. Which country used propaganda during World War 2 o France o Germany o Australia o China 20. Which two events caused USA to enter WW2 o Pearl harbor attack o Invasion of Poland o Bombing of Hiroshima o Atlantic charter o Berlin Blockade 21. Which two countries were part of the Axis Powers in WW2 o Germany o USA o Japan 22. How did the World War 2 impact the economy o The economy suffered and went into a recession 17  Dissatisfaction and Anger: Many Germans harboured deep dissatisfaction and anger towards the Weimar Government for accepting the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty imposed heavy reparations, territorial losses, and military restrictions on Germany which were seen as humiliating and unfair. This sentiment led to a sense of betrayal and frustration, with some blaming the government for the countries weakened state  Economic Hardship: The Weimar Government also faced criticism for its inability to address the severe economic challenges faced by the German Population. Inflation, unemployment and economic instability plagued the country, leading to widespread poverty and desperation. Many Germans held the government accountable for these hardships, leading to a loss of trust and confidence in its ability to govern effectively  Pollical Polarization: The Weimar Republic witnessed significant pollical polarization meaning the division of political attitudes away from the centre which was throughout that period of time. Extremist political groups, such as the far-right nationalists and the communists left, gained popularity and disillusionment with the government grew. These groups offered alternative visions and solutions to the countries problem, capitalizing on the discontent and frustration of the population  Democratic Scepticism: a doubt in the elected supporting system, some Germans held a deep-seated doubt towards the democratic governance, associating it with the perceived weakness and failures of the Weimar Government. The countries history of Authoritarian rule (Authoritarianism is characterized by highly concentrated and centralized government power maintained by political repression and exclusion of supposed challengers by armed force. It uses parties and mass Organizations to mobilize people around the goal of the government Notes: the attitudes towards the Weimar Government were not uniformed across the entire German population. Different social, economic, and political factors influenced people’s perspectives, leading to a diverse range of opinions. Ultimately, the complex and tumultuous circumstances of the post- World War 1 era shaped the attitudes towards the Weimar Government, setting the stage for the subsequent political developments in Germany Kokoda and the Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels During World War 2 (1942) the Kokoda Track in Papua New Guinea became a critical battleground between Australian and Japanese forces. The Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels, a group of indigenous troops and they helped injured soldiers throughout the Kokoda campaign in World War 1 which was when Japan attacked Australia, it was a significant moment for Australians as they fought them off in port Moresby The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Demonstration of power : U.S tried to show their use of power which they were willingly taking advantage of when attacking Japan. Limited alternatives The U.S had limited alternatives to achieve victory and end the at. The bombing were viewed as means to achieve a dec Attitudes and views towards Aboriginal Australians (1900-1960s) Aboriginal and Torres strait islander peoples are the first people of Australia. Since European settlement aboriginal and Torres strait islander have faced adversity on their own land. Early evidence of this exists in historical accounts that British settlers were initially given authority to shoot unarmed Aboriginals or Torres Strait Islander while such brutality has reduced over time Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander peoples long remained subject to disparities in social justice issues and basic human rights. For instance there are documented voting inequalities and the forced removal of children, referred to as “the stolen generation:, until as recent as 1962 and until 1970 were being paid 50% of the minimum wage. Understanding towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people can be understood using the ABC tripartite model of attitudes ( A for affective, B for behavioural, and C for cognitive 20 Exam Structure:   ·      Section A: WWII (30 marks) ·      Section B: Rights & Freedoms (20 marks)   Exam Length:   ·      Reading- 10 minutes ·      Writing- 90 minutes      What to study:   ·      The significance of the Treaty of Versailles ·      Positives and negatives of the League of Nations & overall effectiveness ·      Impacts of the Great Depression ·      Attitudes towards the Weimar Government after WWI ·      Propaganda techniques used by Hitler and the Nazi Party ·      Kokoda and the Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels ·      The bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki e.g. arguments for and against the bombings ·      Attitudes and views towards Aboriginal Australians (1900-1960s) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Isl ·      Policies of Assimilation/ white Australia policies ·      The significance of Kevin Rudd’s apology to the Stolen Generation  ·      Events that helped to shape equal rights for Indigenous Australians e.g. Freedom Rides, 1967 Referendum, Tent Embassy, Eddo Mabo     Revision Advice:   ·      Start your revision early. Effective revision cannot be rushed. ·      Make a plan. Create a study timetable and stick to it. ·      Revise the topics that you are unsure of, in detail. If you are confident with other topics, don’t spend too much time going over them. ·      Find a method that works for you. You can create flash cards, write out summaries, create a mind map or work in a small study group. ·      Ask for help if you need it. You can reach out to your teacher via SEQTA or ask other students for assistance. ·      Stay calm and get plenty of rest. 21