Understanding Phylogenetic Trees & Evolutionary Relationships in Earth & Life Science, Summaries of Earth science

Download Understanding Phylogenetic Trees & Evolutionary Relationships in Earth & Life Science and more Summaries Earth science in PDF only on Docsity! Senior High School DepED DEPARTMENT Mf OF EDUCATION Earth and Life Science Quarter 2 - Module 29: The Process of Evolution Earth and Life Science Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 2 —- Module 29:The Process of Evolution First Edition, 2020 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio Development Team of the Module Writers: Wilma A. Aguspina Editors: Erwin R. Abrencillo, Jocelyn M. Manset Reviewers: Franz Kevin Manalo, Dominic Almirez, Princess Paolah L. De Guzman, Marissa C. Betchaida, Louie L. Alvarez, Gregorio M. De Chavez Jr., Jocelyn M. Manset, Mario B. Maramot, Elaine T. Balaogan, Job S. Zape Jr. Illustrator: Cherry Amor R. Laroza, Lovely Joy La Rosa, Charles Erick A. Jusay, Sandro Carlo B. Tablizo Layout Artist: Elizalde L. Piol, Anselma M. Ebero, Julie Anne V. Vertudes Management Team: Wilfredo E. Cabral Job S. Zape Jr. Elaine T. Balaogan Merthel M. Evardome Nadine C. Celindro Nicolas M. Burgos Mario B. Maramot Fe M. Ong-ongowan Rosalinda A. Mendoza Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education — Region IV-A CALABARZON Office Address: Telefax: E-mail Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Barangay San Isidro Cainta, Rizal 1800 02-8682-5773/8684-491 4/8647-7487 region4a@deped.gov.ph For the learner: Welcome to the Earth and Life Science Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on The Process of Evolution! The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands! This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner. This module has the following parts and corresponding icons: What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or competencies you are expected to learn in the module. (4) What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to Nir check what you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module. What's In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson with the previous one. What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various ways such as a story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation. GQ) What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the SY lesson. This aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills. What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module. What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the lesson. What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns. (aA) Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your SI level of mastery in achieving the learning competency. Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned concepts. Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the module. At the end of this module you will also find: References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module. The following are some reminders in using this module: 1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises. 2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included in the module. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it. aa Rw If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it! What I Need to Know This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the process of evolution. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using. The module covers: ¢ Lesson 2 - The Process of Evolution After going through this module, you are expected to: 1. Describe how the present system of classification of organisms is based on evolutionary relationships; 2. Interpret and explain the phylogenetic tree; 3. Explain the importance of phylogenetic tree to evolutionary relationship of organisms. What I Know Directions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper. 1. Greek word phylon from the word phylogeny means A. ancestor B. branch C. origin D. tribe 2. Greek word genesis from the word phylogeny means . A. ancestor B. branch C. origin D. tribe 3. Diagram that trace evolutionary relationships and connections among organisms evolution family tree lineages tree . phylogenetic tree vow> analogous structure molecular evidence fossil embryology vestigial structure homologous structure Oo SY What’s New The evolutionary history of a group of organisms is called phylogeny from the Greek word phylon which means “tribe” and genesis which means “origin”. Biologist traditionally represent the genealogy or organism’s line of evolutionary development of organisms as phylogenetic trees, which are diagrams that trace evolutionary relationships and connections among organisms. A phylogenetic tree can be read like a map of evolutionary history. Rooted phylogenetic trees have single lineage at the base representing a common ancestor. Activity 2 Label the parts of rooted phylogenetic tree based on the given description. Structure of Rooted Phylogenetic tree branch point the point where split occurs basal taxon lineage that evolved early from the root and remains unbranched sister taxa point of two lineages stem from the same branch polytomy branch with more than two lineages Root Indicates that an ancestral lineage gave rise to all organisms on the tree What is It There are four groups of evolutionary tree namely monophyletic, paraphyletic, polyphyletic and soft polytomy. Monophyletic group is also called clade which shows common ancestor. Paraphyletic group refers to recent common ancestor but not all descendants are included. Polyphyletic group includes recent common ancestors are not included only distant relative. Soft polytomy indicates more than two immediate descendants. Activity 3 Identify what group of evolutionary tree is illustrated below. 1. co 7 2. What’s More Activity 4 Analyze the phylogenetic tree. Fill the blank with the correct answer. Please be guided by the Structure of Rooted Phylogenetic tree discussed. A B c D E F 2. The point where split takes place a. basal taxon b. branch point c. polytomy d. sister taxa 3. Indicates that an ancestral lineage gave rise to all organisms on the tree a. basal taxon b. branch point c. root d. sister taxa 4. Monophyletic group is also called a. clade b. domain c. genus d. taxa 5. Branch with more than two lineages a. basal taxon b. branch point c. polytomy d. sister taxa 6. Point of two lineages stem from the same branch a. basal taxon b. branch point c. root d. sister taxa 7. Greek word phylon from the word phylogeny means a. ancestor b. branch c. origin d. tribe 8. Greek word genesis from the word phylogeny means a. ancestor b. branch c. origin d. tribe 9. Diagram that trace evolutionary relationships and connections among organisms a. evolution b. family tree c. lineages tree d. phylogenetic tree For numbers 10 -11. Analyze the structure of phylogenetic tree. A B c D E F 10. Letter K represents ? a. branch point b. node c, sister taxa d. root 11. D and E are a. branch point b. node c, sister taxa d. root 12. Common ancestor shows in group a. monophyletic b. paraphyletic c. polyphyletic d. polytomy 13. Indicates more than two immediate descendants a. monophyletic b. paraphyletic c. polyphyletic d. polytomy 14. Includes recent common ancestors are not included only distant relative a. monophyletic b. paraphyletic c. polyphyletic d. polytomy 15. Indicates recent common ancestor but not all descendants are included a. monophyletic b. paraphyletic c. polyphyletic d. polytomy 10 Oy Additional Activities SY Activity 7 Study the phylogenetic tree then answer the questions below. % s s < %, HUMAN Ss se eS a, &: = < G Questions: 1. What do you call the place where two branches split apart? 2. What does the branch point that connect chimpanzee, bonobo and human represent? 3. What is that single branch point from which all branches originate? 4. What does the node closest to the root represent? 5. How important is phylogenetic tree? 11