Lab report of electric circuit analysis, Lab Reports of Electronic Circuits Analysis

Download Lab report of electric circuit analysis and more Lab Reports Electronic Circuits Analysis in PDF only on Docsity! COMSATS UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD Sahiwal Campus Computer Science Department Electric Ciruits Analysis - I Lab Manual Name: Registration No: Prepared By: Reviewed By: Signature: Signature: | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual | Table of Contents BOOKS........-sesseeesseeeeneneeneee Learning Outcomes... Grading Policy. List of Equipment. Software Resources........-..--++ Table of Contents... LAB # 1: To Introduce the Lab Equipment and Color Coding of Resistors... Objectives... Introduction / Pre-Lab..... Lab Instructions... Lab Report Instructions. Part 1 -Familiarize yourself with equipment frequently used in lab. Part 2 -Calculation of Resistance with color codes and verification through measurement with Multi-meter.... Lab Tasks-Part 1... 12 Sample Viva Questions... 14 Analysis / Conclusion. 14 Post-Lab Exercise. 14 LAB # 2: To Calculate the Equivalent Resistance of Series, Parallel, and Combination of Series and Parallel Circuits......... 15 15 Objectives... Equipment Required... 15 Lab Instructions... 15 Lab Report Instructions. 15 Calculation of Equivalent Resistance... 15 Lab Tasks-Part-1... +16 Sample Viva Questions... 22 Analysis / Conclusion. 22 Post-Lab Exercise. 23 LAB # 3: To Verify Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)..........:::ssssecseeeeeeeeeeeeeee 11124 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual ve Objectives... Equipment Required... Lab Instructions... Lab Report Instructions.. Familiarize yourself with Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)... Pre Lab. Lab Tasks-Part-1... Sample Viva Questions. Analysis / Conclusion. Post-Lab Exercise. LAB # 4: To Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL). Objectives... Equipment Required. Lab Instructions... Lab Report Instructions. Familiarize yourself with Kirchhoff’s Current Law... Lab Tasks-Part-1... Sample Viva Questions... Analysis / Conclusion. Post-Lab Exercise. LAB # 5: To Verify that Nodal Analysis is Extension of Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)...........::sssccsssseeseeseeeeeeeeeeeceeeeesteeeeeeees 37 Objectives... Equipment Required... Lab Instructions... Lab Report Instructions.. Verification of Nodal Analysis as an Extension of Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) Lab Tasks-Part-1... Sample Viva Questions... Analysis / Conclusion. Post-Lab Exercise. LAB #6: To verify that Mesh Analysis is Extension of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)... | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual na Objectives... Equipment Required... Lab Instructions... Lab Report Instructions.. Extension of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) as Mesh Analysi: Lab Tasks-Part-1... Sample Viva Questions... Analysis / Conclusion. Post-Lab Exercise. Objectives... Equipment Required... Lab Instructions... Lab Report Instructions.. Familiarize yourself with Superposition Theorem... Lab Tasks-Part-1... Sample Viva Questions... Analysis / Conclusion. Post-Lab Exercise. LAB # 8: To Verify the Thevenin’s Theorem... Objectives... Equipment Required... Lab Instructions... Lab Report Instructions. Familiarize yourself with Thevenin’s Theorem. Lab Tasks-Part-1... Sample Viva Questions... Analysis / Conclusion. Post-Lab Exercise. LAB # 9: To Verify the Norton’s Theorem. Objectives... Equipment Required... Lab Instructions... | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual wo | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual ie LAB # 1: To Introduce the Lab Equipment and Color Coding of Resistors Objectives Part 1 This Lab experiment has been designed to familiarize students with important equipment frequently used in circuit labs. Part 2 The goal of this Part is to gain familiarity with resistance calculation through reading of color codes. Introduction / Pre-Lab v Multi-meter Battery DC Supply Jumper Wires Breadboard Function generators Assorted resistors LNLLARS Lab Instructions v This lab activity comprises of three parts: Pre-lab, Lab Exercises, and Post-Lab Viva session. v The students should perform and demonstrate each lab task separately for step-wise evaluation (please ensure that course instructor/lab engineer has signed each step after ascertaining its functional verification) Y Only those tasks that completed during the allocated lab time will be credited to the students. Students are however encouraged to practice on their own in spare time for enhancing their skills. Lab Report Instructions All questions should be answered precisely to get maximum credit. Lab report must ensure following items: v Lab objectives v Results (graphs/tables) duly commented and discussed Y Conclusion Lab Experiment No. | 1 Part 1 -Familiarize yourself with equipment frequently used in lab Breadboard This is used to construct circuits using components and jumper wires. All the components are mounted on to the breadboard with jumper wires used to connect them to each other. The breadboard also has a DC power supply ranging from 0-15 VDC. Also a constant 5 VDC output is available. The circuit ground connection is also available. Jumper wires These are used to connect circuit components to each other and to the supply available on the breadboard or the function generator. These can be simple wires as well as “Alligator Clip end” wires. Function generator This is a device which produces different types of supply voltages and currents, some of which are DC, sinusoidal, square and saw-tooth waveforms. Multimeter It is used for measurement of circuit variables (like voltage and current), circuit continuity, resistance, diode terminal identification etc. some multi-meters also have an option of measurement of temperature. These are mainly of two types, digital (with LCD display of readings) and analogue (with moving needle on a graduated scale). There are two probes, one colored red and the other colored black. The black probe is plugged into a socket marked “COM”. There are three sockets for the red probe to be plugged into. One is marked “V, Q, diode, temp” indicating the position where this probe should be while measuring/ identifying voltage, resistance, diode, temperature etc. The second socket is marked “mA” indicating the position of the red probe for measuring current in the milli-Ampere range. The third socket is marked “A” indicating the position of the red probe for measuring current in Ampere range. There is a selector available on the meter, which has to be moved to appropriate variable and range while measuring any variable / element. Resistors Essential in construction of any circuit, these have two terminals for connection with other circuit elements or plugging into breadboard. These are color coded according to their values and permissible tolerances. Part 2 -Calculation of Resistance with color codes and verification through measurement with Multi-meter Introduction The calculation from color codes is done according to the following rules: Table 1.1 Color Digit | Multiplier _| Tolerance (%) Black 0 10° (1) Brown 1 10! | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual Ea Lab Experiment No. | 1 Sample Viva Questions 1. What is the importance of color coding the resistor? 2. Why do we use Resistance? 3. State the Ohm’s Law Analysis / Conclusion Post-Lab Exercise 1. Take 10 resistors of your choice and determine their value by color coding. Show all working | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 4 LAB # 2: To Calculate the Equivalent Resistance of Series, Parallel, and Combination of Series and Parallel Circuits Objectives This Lab experiment has been designed to calculate the equivalent resistance of 1. Series circuit 2. Parallel circuit 3. Series Parallel circuit Equipment Required v Resistors Multi-meter Jumper Wires Breadboard DC Supply LALA Lab Instructions v This lab activity comprises of three parts: Pre-lab, Lab Exercises, and Post-Lab Viva session. v The students should perform and demonstrate each lab task separately for step-wise evaluation (please ensure that course instructor/lab engineer has signed each step after ascertaining its functional verification) Y Only those tasks that completed during the allocated lab time will be credited to the students. Students are however encouraged to practice on their own in spare time for enhancing their skills. Lab Report Instructions All questions should be answered precisely to get maximum credit. Lab report must ensure following items: v Lab objectives v Results (graphs/tables) duly commented and discussed Y Conclusion Calculation of Equivalent Resistance Pre Lab Series connection Two resistors are said to be in series if joining of the two forms a node. The total (often referred to as “Equivalent Resistance”, abbreviated as Re) in this case is the simple sum of the individual resistance. Current in series- Lab Experiment No. | 2 connected elements is the same (a direct derivation from KCL). Also, equivalent resistance is equal to the voltage applied across the combination divided by the current flowing through it (R = V / I). Parallel connection Two or more resistors are said to be in parallel, if joining them forms a node pair. The reciprocal of equivalent resistance is the sum of reciprocals of the resistors connected in parallel. Voltage across parallel-connected elements is the same. Also, equivalent resistance is equal to the voltage applied across the combination divided by the current flowing through it (R = V / I).For two resistors in parallel, the equivalent resistance is equal to the product of the two resistor values divided by their sum. Viewpoint Viewpoint is the pair of access points to the circuit, where the multi-meter probes are connected to the circuit. All theoretical calculations have to be made keeping in view the selected set of points. Lab Tasks-Part-1 Lab Task 1: Series Circuit Procedure 1. Take three resistors and note their values after confirmation by color code and multimeter measurements. Table 2.1 Resistor Value () Value to be symbol used in calculation (Q) Color Code Multimeter Ri Rz Rs 2. Construct a series circuit of these resistors as shown below. | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 6 Lab Experiment No. | 2 Lab task 3: Series Parallel Circuit Procedure 1. Repeat step a) 1. 2. Construct a series parallel circuit of these resistors as shown below: Figure 2.5: Combination of series and parallel resistances 3. Calculate the equivalent resistance using formula. Check the resistance of the series parallel combination by connecting the multimeter probes at A and B. Connect a measured voltage between points A and B and note the current flowing through the circuit (For this the multimeter has to be connected in series with this series-parallel circuit, with selector pointed at mA and black probe plugged into mA socket of the meter). 6. The total resistance is calculated using the relationship R = V / I. The circuit diagram is depicted below: Pp Figure 2.6: Series and parallel circuit 7. Fill out the following table. Table 2.4 Ss. Total Resistance Value (2) Applied | Current | Resistance No. Voltage value (VII) Calculated Measured with (A) using formula | multimeter (Vv) (®) | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 19 Lab Experiment No. | 2 Lab task 4: View point Procedure 1. Repeat step a) 1. 2. Construct a circuit of these resistors as shown below: Figure 2.7: Illustration of view points 3. Calculate the resistance between points AB, BC and AC using theoretical concepts. 4. Check the resistance of the circuit by connecting the multimeter probes at A and B, then at B and C and then at A and C. 5. Connect a measured voltage between points A and B and note the current flowing through the circuit (For this the multimeter has to be connected in series with the circuit, with selector pointed at mA and black probe plugged into mA socket of the meter). The total resistance is calculated using the relationship R = V/I. The different circuit configurations are depicted below: | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual Pe Lab Experiment No. | 2 Figure 2.8: Circuit configurations for measuring the values of (a) AB, (b) BC and (c) AC resistances 6. Fill out the following table Table 2.5 No. Total Resistance Value () Calculated using formula Measured with multimeter Applied Voltage v) Current (A) Resistance value (VII) () AB BC cD | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual mo LAB # 3: To Verify Kirchoff's Voltage Law (KVL) Objectives This Lab experiment has been designed to familiarize students with Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL). Equipment Required v Resistors Multi-meter Jumper Wires Breadboard DC Supply LANKA Lab Instructions v This lab activity comprises of three parts: Pre-lab, Lab Exercises, and Post-Lab Viva session. v The students should perform and demonstrate each lab task separately for step-wise evaluation (please ensure that course instructor/lab engineer has signed each step after ascertaining its functional verification) Y Only those tasks that completed during the allocated lab time will be credited to the students. Students are however encouraged to practice on their own in spare time for enhancing their skills. Lab Report Instructions All questions should be answered precisely to get maximum credit. Lab report must ensure following items: v Lab objectives v Results (graphs/tables) duly commented and discussed Y Conclusion Familiarize yourself with Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) Pre Lab Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (commonly abbreviated as KVL) states that: “The Algebraic Sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero.” Equations developed using KVL can help find out an unknown voltage between any two points if all other voltages in a loop are known. In applying KVL, the referenced polarities of the voltages have to be taken into consideration, for correct assignment of algebraic signs to these voltages. This is done giving an arbitrary direction to the current in the loop and then indicating these voltage drops. The terminal, through which the current enters a source, is marked negative and the terminal, through which it leaves, is marked positive. For resistors, the terminal, through which current enters the resistor, is marked positive and the terminal, through which the current leaves, is marked negative. This gives a theoretical form of the equation for KVL. In lab, the terminal at which the red probe is connected is termed positive and the terminal, at which the black probe is connected, is termed negative. Lab Experiment No. | 3 Lab Tasks-Part-1 Lab Task 1: Simple Series Circuit Procedure 1. Take three resistors and construct a series circuit as shown below. Figure 3.1: Single loop circuit Identify points between which voltage can be measured. In the given drawing, these are 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 2-3, 2-4 and 3-4. The measured voltages are indicated as V 12, Vis, Via, Va, Vos and Vas. The subscript of each voltage signifies that the first digit represents the point which is assumed to be positive and the second point represents the point which is assumed negative with respect to the first point. 6. The voltages between all of these points will be measured with red probe connected to first point in the subscript and black probe connected to second point. 7. The voltages may also be measured by interchanging the probe position between any two points. 8. The voltages in this case are Vx, Va, Vai, Vax, Vo and V4. It will be interesting to note that Va = -Vi., Vai = -Vi3 and so on. 9. For measurement of above voltages, follow step 6. 10. Measure and note all these voltages. 11. There can be many equations for KVL within this loop, these are: 9 Pwn Var + Viz + V23 + Vas = 0 Vai + Via + Vos = 0 Vai + Via + Vas = 0 Va+ Vis=0 V2 + Vat Vas = 0 Va2+ Vo = 0 Vaz + Vas = 0 Vu t+ Vas + Va2 + Var = 0 Vist Vag t+ Vai = 0 Vist Van + Vai = 0 Vist Va = 0 Vig + Va2 + V2 = 0 Vis + Vai =0 Vi2+ V2 =0 12. Verify these equations. | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual Ea Measured Voltages: Viz Vis= Vaz Vai= Verification of equations: Var + Viz + Vos + Vag = Va + Vat Va = Vai t+ Vis + Vas Va + Vu= Va2 + Va + Vas Vaz + Vo = Vas + Vas = Vist Vag + Vaz + Var = Vist Vag + Var Vist Va + Var Via + Va = Vi3 + V2 + Var Vi3 + Vai = Vi2 + Va = Lab task 2: Multiple Loop Circuit Procedure 1. Take four resistors and construct a multiple mesh loop circuit as shown below: Lab Experiment No. | 3 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 6 Sample Viva Questions 1. State Kirchhoff's voltage law? 2. List examples of voltage source? 3 What are dependent sources? Analysis / Conclusion Lab Experiment No. | 3 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 2 Post-Lab Exercise 1. Find J and Vos in the circuit of Fig 1 30V ] {7 @:v 3Q 0 (1OV 50 + Vay b Fig 1 Lab Experiment No. | 3 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual ae LAB # 4: To Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) Objectives This Lab experiment has been designed to familiarize students with Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL). Equipment Required v Resistors Multi-meter Jumper Wires Breadboard DC Supply LANKA Lab Instructions v This lab activity comprises of three parts: Pre-lab, Lab Exercises, and Post-Lab Viva session. v The students should perform and demonstrate each lab task separately for step-wise evaluation (please ensure that course instructor/lab engineer has signed each step after ascertaining its functional verification) Y Only those tasks that completed during the allocated lab time will be credited to the students. Students are however encouraged to practice on their own in spare time for enhancing their skills. Lab Report Instructions All questions should be answered precisely to get maximum credit. Lab report must ensure following items: v Lab objectives v Results (graphs/tables) duly commented and discussed Y Conclusion Familiarize yourself with Kirchhoff's Current Law Pre Lab Kirchhoff’s Current Law (abbreviated as KCL) states that: “The Algebraic Sum of currents at any node is zero.” Equations developed using KCL can help find out an unknown current at any node, provided all other currents associated with that node are known. In applying KCL, the referenced directions of currents have to be taken into consideration, for correct assignment of algebraic signs to the currents. This is done giving an arbitrary sign (either positive or negative) to currents coming into a node and assigning the currents leaving the same node with an opposite sign. The above means that we have to give reference directions to currents through all elements connected at any node. This is done by noting the current by connecting the Multimeter as an ammeter in series with each element. The direction of current through each element is understood to be from red probe to black probe. If the reading is positive, the actual and assumed directions are the same. If the reading is negative, this means that the actual direction of flow of current is opposite to that assumed by us. Lab Experiment No. | 4 Figure 4.3: Circuit for calculating the value of Iss I| ni 2. The purpose is to calculate the current 34. 3. The currents associated with node 2 (or 3) are Ty», Tis, In and Isa. 4. The application of KCL at node 2 (or 3) will give us the equation: Tyo - Lis + Ing + Tyg = 0 = Tay = Lia + Lis - Iba. Take measurements and verify the results. In= I= Ta= Ixy = Te + Tis - la = + - = Measured I34 = | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 4 Sample Viva Questions 1. State Kirchhoff’s current law? 2. What are the independent sources? 3. List examples of current sources? Analysis / Conclusion Lab Experiment No. | 4 Post-Lab Exercise 1. Use KCL to obtain currents i1, i2, and i3 in thecircuit shown in Fig.1 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual Ea Lab Experiment No. | 4 8mA a mA Fig 1 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 6 Lab Experiment No. | 5 9. Using the node voltages, calculate the currents in each resistor and compare with current measurements. 10. Fill out the following table. Table 5.1 Node Measured Calculated (Vv) (mA) (mA) (mA) (Vv) (mA) (mA) (mA) A Va L Is i, Va Ih Is i, B. Ve L Is, W Ve L Is Sample Viva Questions 1. On which law is the nodal analysis based? 2. What is nodal analysis? 3. When do we go for super-node analysis? Analysis / Conclusion | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 8 Post-Lab Exercise Lab Experiment No. | 5 1. Using nodal analysis, find current i,in the circuit of Fig. 1 40 60V 100 20 8Q 31, 0 Fig 1 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 4 LAB #6: To verify that Mesh Analysis is Extension of Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) Objectives This Lab experiment has been designed to verify that Mesh Analysis is extension of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL). Equipment Required v Resistors Multi-meter Jumper Wires Breadboard DC Supply LALA Lab Instructions v This lab activity comprises of three parts: Pre-lab, Lab Exercises, and Post-Lab Viva session. v The students should perform and demonstrate each lab task separately for step-wise evaluation (please ensure that course instructor/lab engineer has signed each step after ascertaining its functional verification) Y Only those tasks that completed during the allocated lab time will be credited to the students. Students are however encouraged to practice on their own in spare time for enhancing their skills. Lab Report Instructions All questions should be answered precisely to get maximum credit. Lab report must ensure following items: v Lab objectives v Results (graphs/tables) duly commented and discussed Y Conclusion Extension of Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL) as Mesh Analysis Pre Lab Mesh current method is a technique of circuit analysis which helps us calculate current, voltage and power in any branch of a circuit. The first step is the identification of meshes and assigning circulating currents to these meshes. After this, mesh equations are developed using KVL and expressing voltage drops in terms of Mesh currents. The process is elaborated in the figure shown below. Normally, directions of mesh currents are assumed to be clockwise. Notice that the mesh currents are the currents flowing in those branches of each mesh which are not common to other meshes. The solution of simultaneous equations developed using mesh current analysis gives the value of mesh currents and these are then used to calculate the currents and voltage drops in all other branches. Lab Experiment No. | 7 Sample Viva Questions 1. What is mesh analysis? 2. On which law is the mesh analysis based? 3. When do we go for super-mesh analysis? Analysis / Conclusion | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual a Lab Experiment No. | 7 Post-Lab Exercise 1. Use mesh analysis to find va, and i, in the circuit in Fig. 1 202 ANN 300 fi swv@ 202 + ab wv@ 300 200 Fig 1 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 45 Lab Experiment No. | 7 LAB # 7: To Verify the Superposition Theorem in Multisource Circuits Objectives This Lab experiment has been designed to verify the Superposition Theorem in multisource circuits. Equipment Required v Resistors Multi-meter Jumper Wires Breadboard DC Supply LLL Lab Instructions v This lab activity comprises of three parts: Pre-lab, Lab Exercises, and Post-Lab Viva session. v The students should perform and demonstrate each lab task separately for step-wise evaluation (please ensure that course instructor/lab engineer has signed each step after ascertaining its functional verification) Y Only those tasks that completed during the allocated lab time will be credited to the students. Students are however encouraged to practice on their own in spare time for enhancing their skills. Lab Report Instructions All questions should be answered precisely to get maximum credit. Lab report must ensure following items: v Lab objectives v Results (graphs/tables) duly commented and discussed Y Conclusion Familiarize yourself with Superposition Theorem Pre Lab Superposition theorem is related to circuits with multiple sources. It states that: “The combined effect (voltage or current) in any circuit element in a multiple source circuit is equal to the algebraic sum of individual effects of each source while others replaced with their internal impedances”. Considering the circuit shown below: —_— — — > « = Ale ] [+ | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual a Observations: Measured values: p= = Vir= Vo"= l= L= V?= Vi9?= Verification of equations: L=Iy-l” = Lh=Iyt+h’ = =” -I = Vi = Viv? + V2= Vo4 = Vag? + Vag? = V32 = Vax’ + Vv” = Measured values: l= L= Ver= Vea = Ly= Lab Experiment No. | 7 Va2?= Iy?= V2”? | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual re Lab Experiment No. | 7 Sample Viva Questions 1. State Superposition theorem? 2. What is the concept on which superposition theorem is used? 3. What is Linear Circuit? Analysis / Conclusion | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 50 Post-Lab Exercise Lab Experiment No. | 7 1. Apply the superposition principle to find v. in the circuit of Fig 1 6Q 2A 49 @ia % S30 Fig 1 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual st Lab Experiment No. | 8 6. Construct the Thevenin equivalent circuit and connect R; between points 1 & 2 as shown below with source voltage adjusted to values of Vr (obtained in point 4 above). Rm value will be obtained using a variable resistance. Figure 8.4: Thevenin’s equivalent circuit 7. Measure V,, and I,, and compare with the results obtained in 3 above. 8. Fill out the following table. Table 8.1 S. | Source | Measurements in | Thevenin| Thevenin | Measurements in No. | voltag Original Circuit Voltage | Resistance Thevenin e Vin Rim Equivalent Circuit (Volt) Viz ha (Volt) (Q) Viz le (Volt) (Amp.) (Volt) | (Amp.) 1. 2. 3. | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 4a Lab Experiment No. | 8 Sample Viva Questions 1. State Thevenin theorem? 2. How Rth is obtained in any circuit for applying Thevenin’s and Norton's theorem? 3. How Vth is obtained in any circuit for applying Thevenin’s theorem? Analysis / Conclusion Post-Lab Exercise 1. Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the circuit in Fig.1 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual Ea Lab Experiment No. | 8 ov@ 3A 100 202 Oa 409 Ob Fig 1 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 56 Figure Lab Experiment No. | 9 9.4: Norton’s equivalent circuit 7. As a current source with a parallel resistance can be converted to an equivalent voltage source in series with a source resistance, the same circuit can be redrawn as shown below: Figure 9.5: Thevenin’s equivalent circuit (obtained through Source transformation theorem) 8. Measure Vi and I), in the circuit drawn in point 6 above and compare with the results obtained in 2 9. Fill out the following table. above. Table 9.1 S. | Source | Measurements in Norton Equivalent Values Measurements in No | voltage Original Circuit Norton Equivalent Circuit (Volt) Viz hie In R, Vn = In X Rn Viz he (Vv) (mA) (mA) | (kQ) ) (Vv) (mA) 1. 2. 3. | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 58 Sample Viva Questions 1. State Norton’s Theorem 2. What is ly or Norton’s current? 3. How |, is obtained? Analysis / Conclusion Lab Experiment No. | 9 Post-Lab Exercise 1. Obtain R,and I, at terminals 1 and 2 of each of the circuits in Fig1. | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual Oo 7) 600 1 300 2 Fig 1 30V Lab Experiment No. | 9 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual oo Table 10.1 Ss. Load Resistance Viz PL= Vu?) Re No. R ) (mw) xRn Value (kQ) 1. 0.8 2. 0.9 3. 1.0 4. 11 5. 1.2 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual a Sample Viva Questions 1. What is maximum power theorem? 2. What is the value of R, at max power? Analysis / Conclusion Post-Lab Exercise 1. Find the maximum power transferred to resistor R in the circuit of Fig. 1 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual Ea 10kQ 22 kQ 100 V % 3 40kQ nD 30kQ SR Fig 1 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 6 Part 2 -Working of Diode in Forward & Reverse Biasing Lab Tasks-Part-2 Lab task 1: Forward Bias Fig 11.2 Procedure: Assemble the circuit on proto board of diode, resister and variable power supply in series as given below. a. Construct the network in Fig 11.2 with the supply (E) set at 0 V. Record the measure value of resistor. b. Increase the supply voltage until Vr reads 0.1 V. Then measure Vp and insert its voltage in Table 11.1. Calculate the value of the corresponding current Ip. Vr 0.1 | 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 2 3 Table 11.1 Vo Ip- Vr/ | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual Lo c. Sketch the waveform of the voltage across the diode and the current across the diode. This step will develop the characteristic curve of solid state conventional diode. GRAPH: Fig 11.3 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual TO Lab Task 2: Reverse Bias Fig 11.4 Assemble the circuit on proto board of diode, resister and variable power supply in series as mention above. a. In Fig 11.4 reverse bias condition has been established. Since the reverse saturation current will be relatively small, a large resistance of 1MQ is required if the voltage across the resistance is to be of measureable amplitude. Record the measureable value of R. b. Measure the voltage Vr. Calculate the reverse saturation current from I,=Vr (Ra||R). The internal resistance of DMM (Rwy) is included because of the large amplitude of resistance R. A typical value of 10 MQ is taken. Ru = Vp (measured) = I, (calculated) = | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual mo LAB # 12: To understand the working of diode as a half wave rectifier Objectives 1. To understand one of the diode application as a half wave Rectifier. Equipment Required Variable Power Supply, Diode, Resistor, Oscilloscope, Multimeter, Function Generator. Lab Instructions v This lab activity comprises of three parts: Pre-lab, Lab Exercises, and Post-Lab Viva session. v The students should perform and demonstrate each lab task separately for step-wise evaluation (please ensure that course instructor/lab engineer has signed each step after ascertaining its functional verification) v Only those tasks that completed during the allocated lab time will be credited to the students. Students are however encouraged to practice on their own in spare time for enhancing their skills. Lab Report Instructions All questions should be answered precisely to get maximum credit. Lab report must ensure following items: v Lab objectives v Results (graphs/tables) duly commented and discussed Y Conclusion Basic Theory When AC signal is applied to a forward biased diode. The diode conducts for half positive or negative cycle and remains off for other half cycle. Diode converts the AC signal to Pulsating DC that can be observe on oscilloscope screen. The Primary function of half wave rectification is to establish a DC level from a sinusoidal input signal that has zero average (DC) level. DC voltage level in Half wave rectification is equal to 31.8% of the peak voltage Vin . Vuc=0.318 V peck vm 4 Fig 12.1 |ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual A Lab Tasks Lab Task 1 a. Construct the circuit of Fig 12.2. Record the measured value of the resistance. Set the function generator toa 1000Hz 8 V,» sinusoidal voltage using Oscilloscope. Fig.12.2 b. The sinusoidal input of Fig 12.2 has been plotted on the screen of Fig 12.3. Determine the chosen vertical and horizontal sensitivities. GRAPH: Vertical Sensitivity = Horizontal Sensitivity = |ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 5 c. Using the Oscilloscope with the AC-GND-DC coupling switch in the DC position, obtain the voltage V, and sketch the waveform on Fig 12.4. Before viewing V.be sure that to set the V. = 0 V. GRAPH: Fig 3.4 Lab task 2 a. Reverse the diode according to the circuit given below in Fig 12.4 and sketch the output waveform obtained using the Oscilloscope on Fig 12.5. Fig 12.5 |ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual Te b. Determine the theoretical output voltage for Fig 3.8 and sketch the waveform on Fig 3.8 for one cycle using the same sensitivities employed the part b. Indicate the maximum and minimum values on the output waveform. GRAPH Fig 12.9 c. Using the oscilloscope with the coupling switch in DC position obtain the voltage V,. and sketch the wave form on Fig 12.10 using the same sensitivities as in Part b. |ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual ce Fig 12.10 d. How do the result of Part f and Part g compare? |ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 80 Sample Viva Questions 1. Diode rectified half cycle is not a replica of input half cycle why? 2. What is the frequency of pulsating DC output Voltage? 3. In half wave rectifier if a resistance is equal to load resistance is connected in parallel with diode then output voltage would be? Analysis / Conclusion (By Student about Learning from the Lab) |ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual co Lab Tasks-Part Lab Task 1: Threshold Voltage Choose one of the four silicon diodes you received and determine the threshold voltage, Vr using the diode checking capability of DMM. Secondary Primary + 120 Vrms Vr= Fig 13.2 a. Measure the rms voltage at the transformer secondary using DMM set to AC. Record that rms value below. Does it differ from the rated 12.6V Vims (measured) = b. Calculate the peak value of secondary voltage using the measured (V peak = 1.414 Vins) Vpeak (calculated) = c. Sketch the expected output waveform V, on Fig 13.3. Choose a vertical and horizontal sensitivity based on the amplitude of the secondary voltage. |ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 4 Fig 13.3 Vertical Sensitivity = Horizontal Sensitivity = d. Using the Oscilloscope with coupling switch in the DC position obtain the waveform for V. and record on Fig 13.4. Use the same sensitivities employed in part c and be sure to preset V. = 0 V. |ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 85 Fig 13.4 Vertical Sensitivity = Horizontal Sensitivity = e. How do the waveform of part c and part d compare? Lab Task 2 a. Determine the DC level of full-wave rectified waveform of Fig.13.4. Voc (calculated) = a. Measure the DC level of the output waveform using the DMM and calculate the present difference between the measured and calculated values. Voc (measured) = ( % Difference ) = |ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 8 Lab Task 4 a. Determine the DC level of full-wave rectified waveform of Fig.13.6. Voc (calculated) = b. Measure the DC level of the output waveform using the DMM and calculate the present difference between the measured and calculated values. Voc (measured) = ( % Difference ) = |ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 89 Sample Viva Questions 1. What is the advantages of full wave bridge rectifier: 2. Write at least two drawbacks of this rectifier circuit. 3. What was the major effect to replace the two diodes with resistor? Analysis / Conclusion (By Student about Learning from the Lab) Lab Experiment | 15 Take Home Exercise Perform the following tasks: 1. Perform an analysis of the network of Fig. 13.2 using Proteus ISIS Professional. 2. Perform an analysis of the network of Lab Task 3 using Proteus ISIS Professional. | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual mn Lab Experiment | 15 Lab Task 2: Plot the graph between Vag (X-axis) and emitter current Ir (Y-axis). The families of curves show three variables. Note that each curve resembles forward biased diode Characteristics as expected but in this case the given Vag, Ir increases with increasing Vcs. For Ip = 1mA For, Iz =2mA S.No | S.No For Ip = 3mA. For Iz =4mA. S. No | S. No Lab Task 3: Plot the graph between Vcx (X-axes) and collector current Ic (Y-axes). The family of curves shows three variables. Note that each curve resembles forward biased diode Characteristics as expected but in this case the given Vag, Ir increases with increasing Vcs. | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 4 Lab Experiment | 15 GRAPH: Fig 14.1 | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 5 Lab Experiment | 15 Sample Viva Questions 1. What is the use of common Base configuration? 2. What is drawback of common base configuration? 3. What’s phase angle between inputs Voltage and output Voltage in CB? Analysis / Conclusion (By Student about Learning from the Lab) | ECA-1 | Electric Ciruits Analysis - | Lab Manual 9%