Landscape Architecture - Study Guide | LARC 160, Study notes of Architecture

Download Landscape Architecture - Study Guide | LARC 160 and more Study notes Architecture in PDF only on Docsity! + How, id TY MTT co Cre Search by class, auther, title, Sie or ISBN at bookholders.com, Purchase for pickup at local store during convenient hours Purchase at local store using simple and easy self-serve stations. Purchase with the help of clerk that can answer your questions about a book or class. = Drop Off eK Sf g Accent all books no matter here purchased. to 3x more then Gash Now. iINOTES. BOOKHOLDERS. com LARC160—0101 Midterm I. Landscape Architecture: The art and science of planning, designed, and managing the land. A. Humans are the primary cause of environmental degradation B. Natural Sciences 1. Offer methods to understand a finite area of land 2. What are the qualities and properties of the landscape under study? 3. What are the natural systems and cycles found at a particular location? C. Community Cool-Temperate a. Plans must function in all seasons b. Natural waterways c. Park and open space system d. Streets handle extreme conditions (considered) D. Site a. Outdoor activity areas b. Prevailing winds c. Protection of forest and agricultural lands d. Integration with natural landscape features E. Building a. Limit demands on heating/cooling b, Consideration of seasonal demands IL, Land A. Terms 1. Topography: The art of showing in detail on a major map the physical features of a place or region 2. Contour: Measure of vertical change on the land 3. Contour interval: How many feet or meters between interval (89-92) - Contour Line: Measures vertical intervals on the land 4. Slope: Measurement of steepness, incline, gradient, or grade of a straight line 5. Gradient: Measure of steepness on the land (ratio or percentage) B. Land as Resource ss Productivity (agriculture, housing) 2. Habitat C. Chronology of Land Use |. Land uses relate to natural features and human needs 2. How was land misused? 3. What is its capacity to accommodate? 4. Humans still connected to natural properties of landscape? D. Land-Physical Properties 1. Topography 2. Geology 3. Soils 4. Vegetation HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM + How, id TY MTT co Cre Search by class, auther, title, Sie or ISBN at bookholders.com, Purchase for pickup at local store during convenient hours Purchase at local store using simple and easy self-serve stations. Purchase with the help of clerk that can answer your questions about a book or class. = Drop Off eK Sf g Accent all books no matter here purchased. to 3x more then Gash Now. INOTES. BOOKHOLDERS. com 5. Solar Orientation 6. Exposure 7, Hydrology 8. Structures 9, Species 10. Cultural sites 11. Archeological features 12. Place in watershed E. Describing Land and Landform |. Property description 2. Plan Views a. Topographic/Contour mapping b. Vegetative cover maps c. Soil maps d. Resource maps III. Water: Principle measure of how we live on the land A. Managing water resources 1. Utilize, protect, rediscover, restore, conserve B. Assessment |. Impervious surfaces 2. Contamination of water 3. Overuse of water (agriculture) . Downstream effects of development . Erosion, scouring, and sediment deposits C. Water: When considered with land 1. Water source: surface, subsurface , Drainage and hydrology . Resource: Manufacturing, cooling . Microclimate Moderation . Wildlife/habitat . Recreation . Scenic Values D. Hydrology: A science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on and below the earth’s surface and in the atmosphere 1. Watershed location of property 2. Property’s watershed: Ridges, swales, drain patterns 3. Factors a. Precipitation rates b. Surface areas of run-off c. Runoff rates 4. Results a. Pre-development runoff rates (Cubic ft/sec) b. Post-development runoff rates 5. Stormwater Management Methods a. Stormwater ponds b. Detention basins HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM nt AAU Ww + How, id ) Buy MTT co Cre Search by Saas) auther, title, or ISBN at bookholders.com, Purchase for pickup at local store during convenient hours Purchase at local store using simple and easy self-serve stations. Purchase with the help of clerk that can answer your questions about a book or class. = Drop Off hea iINOTES. BOOKHOLDERS. COM. 1, Regional; every little thing is descriptive of overall culture 2. Penetrate common generalizations to appreciate unique flavor 3. A location, an environment, and an aerial composition 4, Every place is of some interest VL. Landscape Views A. Vertical View 1. A domain, work unit, or a natural system important to human livelihood in particular 2. Objective and calculating B. Side View 1_ A place in which people act; scenery for people to contemplate 2. Personal, moral, and aesthetic VIL. Garden A. Intended, formed, shaped, created B. Basics 1, Provides shelter, protection, separation 2. Integrates spiritual beliefs 3. Expresses human’s relationship to nature 4. Solve problems using art and engineering 5. Responds to nature C. Babylon, Egypt, and Persia 1. Gardens were made for pleasure and as representations of paradise 2, Irrigation channels and ponds incorporated for functional reasons 3. Use of plants for ornamental purposes 4. Lavish formal gardens for delight D. China 1, Hierarchal, axial. and symmetric organization of rectangular enclosures 2. Man was an integral part of nature 3. Symbolic landscape in which the contrasting forces of nature were harmoniously arranged as a setting for the individual in contemplation 4. City plan reflecting the ancient conception of the universe and the role of the emperor as intermediary between earth and heaven 5. Plants symbolized man’s life in the universe a. The entire garden was a symbol of the universe E. Japan |. Meditation was the garden’s chief purpose a. Garden was enclosed within a wall 2. Symbols of longevity and purity as well as allusions to specific places in Japan 4. Ryoan-Ji: Small, enclosed, inward looking garden a. 15 stones in 5 uneven groups, raking around stones 5. Stroll Garden: The whole garden could be viewed at any one time a. The illusion of space and landscape continuity was a major goal 6. Architecture was highly adaptable to a variety of climate conditions 7. The garden was a symbol of nature and a suggestive representation of landscape HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM + How, id ) Buy MTT co Cre Search by Saas) auther, title, or ISBN at bookholders.com, Purchase for pickup at local store during convenient hours Purchase at local store using simple and easy self-serve stations. Purchase with the help of clerk that can answer your questions about a book or class. = Drop Off hea /INOTES. BOOKHOLDERS. COM. F. Ancient Greece and Rome 1. Gardens were enclosed shelters from wind, sun, dust, and noise 2. Romans deliberately included symbols of the wilderness within their estates G. Islam 1, Water was the symbolic ingredient of the garden for practical and symbolic purposes 2. System was entirely gravity fed (based on irrigation pipes and a slope) 3. Organization was axial and geometric, but plant life grew naturally 4. Trees were planted parallel to water channels 5. Secluded H. Spain 1, Combination of the small Roman courtyard and the Islamic concept of space division and symbolism a. Free flow of air b. Water is used symbolically and as a cooling agent 2. Alhambra (Court of the Myriles) a. Shaded, cool, and protected by thick walls b. Breezes blowing across water basin act as air conditioning c. Channels of water running through (Court of the Lyons) courtyards and even inside the buildings 1. Moghul Garden 1, Established irrigation practices in agriculture and gardens associated with the Temple 2. Large expanses of water helped modify heat 3. Gardens were typically linear on sloping sites with more water in the form of cascades and mountains J. Mexico and California 1. Courtyard with central fountain/well, diagonal paths and imported trees K. Medieval Europe |. Produced edges and divisions, plots, dimensions, and shapes suited to cultivation practice, irrigation, tilling, and gathering 2. Ornamental pleasure garden L. Italy 1. Garden be strongly linked to the house by loggias and other architectural extensions into the landscape 2. The villa should be located on a hill 3. Terraces and stairways were recommended to overcome the difficulties of uneven terrain 4, Secret garden: alone, secret. hidden, and quiet 5. Dense shade, presence of water M. France 1. Versailles and Vaux Le-Vicomte (Andre Le Notre) a. Symmetry, Central Axis for organization, Geometric reflection of garden b. Waterways, flat land, immense scale HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM + Li id ) Buy MTT Search by class, author, title, or ISBN at bookholders.com. Purchase for pickup at local store during convenient hours “Get Paid Purchase at local store = using simple and easy self-serve stations. peer off Advantage Purchase with the help of clerk that can answer your questions about a book or class. Fis Sold ale $.BOOKHOLDERS.COM c. Rond Point: Traffic circle d. Vista: Distant range of vision e. Parterre: Formal garden construction on a level surface consisting of planting beds, edged in stone or tightly clipped hedging, and gravel paths arranged to form a pleasing, usually symmetrical pattern f. Tapis Vert (Green Carpet): Grass g. Allee: Long swath cut between two points marked by trees on either side N. England |. Elimination of the visual break between garden and landscape 2. Borrowed many initial ideas from France & Italy a. Turned into “Romantic unfolding of landscape” 3. Bosque: Loosely ordered group of trees 4. Blenheim (Wise & Vanburgh) Water bodies merged, allees O. United States 1. Annapolis City Plan a. Ordered on French principles b. Rond Points 2. L’Enfant Plan a. Public Parks and Squares b. Space distributed fairly and orderly c. Canal through city to assist with Tiber Creek d. French ordering/organization a. High points in topography for most important civic activity b. Viewing corridors; Rond Points 3. MeMillan Plan a. Cultural and Civic buildings on mall b. Ended at Lincoln Memorial; Terminated Axis P. Classical 1. Organization Structure Axis, Symmetry Man controls nature (Landscape as artifact) . Emphasis on every being thought out in great detail Q. Romantic 1. Harmony with nature 2. “Loose design” 3. Water designed to look natural 4. Views (Mysterious revealing) VIII. Landscape Planning A. Cities 1. An ideal city recognizes topography and tidal river 2. Squares and public gathering places for civic activity 3. Civic buildings sited on topographically prominent areas 4. Integration of rond points, tapis verts, and other French influences HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM veep + How, id RI MTT co err Search by Te auther, title, or ISBN at bookholders.com, Purchase for pickup at local é store during convenient hours A Secale Purchase at local store using simple and easy self-serve stations. Purchase with the help of clerk that can answer your questions about a peer on Advantage Bg Accept all books no matter book or class. Where purchased. Bl Ur to 3x more then Cash Now www.BookHolders.com BIEL HTTP://NOTES. BOOKHOLDERS. com 4, Inappropriate hardscape or planting materials and patterns 5. Circulation systems not serving present uses or making necessary connections 6. Service function too visible or present, Issues of adjacency G. Site Analysis or Anticipated Reuse: Primary Concerns 1. Infrastructure (roads, utilities, water supply, sewers) 2. Existing architectural inventory (Consider contaminated buildings to historically significant structures) 3, Regional impacts of the site — opportunities to connect disparate land uses 4. Record the site in a summary format to show patterns, weaknesses, and opportunities in the landscape 5. The connections between natural systems and the build environment are made clearer by mapping and analysis 6. Functional issues also become apparent: circulation, activity centers, arrivals, conservation areas. IL Continued. ..Site planning and Site Design A.SPACE 1. Ordered, organized space vs. disordered, unstructured-what difference does it make 2. Containment of volumes 3. Sequence and connection between volumes 4, Design education (architecture, landscape architecture, interior design) explores and tests the means and the methods by which space is ordered, shaped, and crafted B. Overbead Organization 1, Methods employed to organize and to shape space 2. Direct order of the garden or site 3. Landscape architecture, responds to site, community, and the natural world: organizational principles employed in design 4. Use of overhead, vertical, and base planes 5. Axis: established by two points in a space (invisible, imaginary) 6. Symmetry: Balanced arrangement of equivalent patterns of form and space around a common line (axis), or points (center) 7. Asymmetry: Reliance on natural landscape qualities, less disturbance to the natural landscape, less interest in formal constructs, order taken from processes or patterns seen in the natural world (free, subtle, casual) 8. Datum: A reference (line, plane, or volume) to which other elements in the composition relate; Joins the dissimilar, brings a sense of place, visual continuity 9. Hierarchy: Form or space assigned importance based on size, position, continuation/shape: Contrast, importance, marking a place, exception to the norm, stands out within a space 10. Repetition: Regular recurrence of lines, shapes, forms: Varies by interval and closeness of object being repeated: Rhythm and order. deviation marks a significant place/moment HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM + How, id RI MTT co err Search by Te auther, title, or ISBN at bookholders.com, Purchase for pickup at local store during convenient hours Purchase at local store using simple and easy self-serve stations. Purchase with the help of clerk that can answer) your questions about a book or class. Drop Off Advantage zo www.BookHolders. com /INOTES. BOOKHOLDERS. COM. C. Site Planning 1. Organizes disparate elements into a legible system that orients people to place 2, Orders design to a site for a particular use 3. Integrates human needs with natural systems 4, Land stewardship guides the process 5. Considers safe efficient movement of people, vehicles, goods, and services D. Site Planning emphasizes: 1. Circulation and parking — roads, sidewalks, pedestrian movement 2. Siting of buildings, Access to open space 3. Protection of vegetation and landforms 4. Efficient siting of utilities & infrastructure 5. Frequently: Market forces & economic climate can influence site planning patterns and decisions E. Program: What is brought to the site 1. Building, open space and landscape areas, parking and arrival areas, pedestrian systems, utility requirements. stormwater requirements, interpretation and access, local connections F. Zoning: What is required by the local government for a particular land use 1. Maximum building sizes (footprints), set backs from property lines and roads, open space requirements, parking requirements, utility requirements, access for emergency vehicles, connections to existing utilities and sources, landscaping G. Low Impact Development 1. Minimize disruption for storage/construction 2. Minimize changes to topography 3. Preserve woodland areas and contiguous forested land 4. Minimize impervious surfaces 5. When necessary, disconnect impervious surfaces to allow for strips between these areas Hydrology as a design element 1. Patterns of hydrology influence site plan configuration 2. Identify open areas for recreation, pathways, circulation 3. Identify optimal building sites 4. Reduce impervious surfaces to preserve the site’s hydrological systems Il. Frederick Law Olmsted 1822-1903 A. Background 1. Father of American Landscape Architecture 2. Architect in chief of New York’s Central Park 3. Social theorist and advocate of public spaces and their beneficial qualities to health and to community 4. Olmsted’s political influence and perseverance equaled his design talents HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM + La id RI MTT Search by class, author, title, or ISBN at bookholders.com. Purchase for pickup at local store during convenient hours “Get Paid Purchase at local store = using simple and easy self-serve stations. peer off Advantage Purchase with the help of clerk that can answer) your questions about a book or class. www.BookHi art HTT NOTES. BOOKHOLDERS. com 5; Central Park, New York (1858), Prospect Park, Brooklyn (1866), Cherokee Park, Louisville (1891), Belle Isle, Detroit (1888), Over 100 major public parks nationwide 6. “The Emerald Necklace’: System of a park weaving through a city, flood control river, major parkway system B. Central Park, NYC 1. Olmsted and Calvert Vaux won competition for the “Greensward Plan’ in 1858 2. 843 acres, 58 miles of paths, worked on for 16 years 3. 30 bridges/arches, 5 million cubic yards of earth moving, rock outcrops 4. Key landmarks: The Bethesda Terrace, The Sheep Meadow, Belvedere Castle, Tavern on the Green 5. The park is managed by the Central Park Conservancy C. Olmsted’s Legacy 1. The beneficial aspects of natural landscapes in the urban core 2. Restorative qualities of the landscape as an unconscious aspect of his design 3. Belief in the complexity of scenery, through changing light, color, shadow 4. Separation of pedestrian experience from carriages and service drives 5. Establishing landscape scenes and picturesque tableaux IV_ Residential Suburbs A. Design Issues 1. Respect of site’s resources, communal spaces, open space design, circulation design, definition of public and private space, siting and design of community facilities, connectivity to region B. Romantic Suburb 1. Contrast to the grid town, nature informed layout, public sewer, water. utilities, picturesque views along roads, architecture integrated with landscape, variations in sizes of blocks, few linear design, suburban life with urban benefits C. Garden Cities 1. Self-contained 2. Surrounded by “greenbelts” or agricultural reserves 3. Balance residential, industrial, agricultural land uses 4. Affordable to middle classes 5. Alternative to urban living in crowded conditions with little open spaces D. Greenbelt, MD 1937 1. Federal government sponsored under FDR 2. Separation of pedestrian from vehicle 3. Social experiment: low and middle income mixed 4. Major arching boulevard sited along ridge 5. Protected “greenbelt” around town 6. Progressive architecture, art deco 7. Sold to cooperative ownership in 1952 8. Cooperative form of community HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM Fis Sold + How, id RI MTT co err Search by Te auther, title, or ISBN at bookholders.com, Purchase for pickup at local store during convenient hours Purchase at local store using simple and easy self-serve stations. Purchase with the help of clerk that can answer) your questions about a book or class. www.BookHolders.com Drop Off hea HTTP://NOTES. BOOKHOLDERS. COM. a. North facing colder, less sunlight 2. Soils: water and air / presence of organic matter 3. Soils pH content: critical to specifying correct plant B. “Native” plants vs. Exotic plants 1. Native: Species occur from ancient geologic periods 2. Exotic: Introduced since periods of colonial settlement 3. Introduced species are those brought back from other places and introduced. Some have reproduced on their own, while others are cultivated C. Plants are identified by genus and species (latin names) 1. A cultivar is an assemblage of plants that have been selected for a particular attribute or combination of attributes and that is clearly distinct, uniform, and propagated by appropriate means retains these characteristics, often for ornamental or production purposes D. Planting Design 1. Repeat, plant in groups, space carefully, allow room for growth 2. Use specimens sparingly 3. Groundcover and plants situated on the ground plane of your garden greatly enhance garden design 4. Choose a palette of plants — Make it part of a master plan 5. Locate plants so that they are able to be seen and enjoyed from the vantage points and views specific to the garden 6. Choose plants with a broad range of foliage textures and colors, and that flower in different periods VIII. Hardscape and Surfaces in LARC A. Landscape Materials considerations . Context: acceptance or rejection . Form: materials shape the form of the space . Function: role in the landscape . Expression: what is the material saying Weathering: give evidence of time . Durability: appropriate for the people and the place in the site . Maintenance: access, expectation . Sustainability: enhance or compromises natural systems . Cost: unit pricing and installed prices B. Detail practices 1. Overlaying, connecting materials, creating edges 2. Creating continuous surfaces, making transitions, containing, separating, responding to regulations C. Detail failures 1. Lack of maintenance, errors and omissions, lack of research 2. Poor design, poor workmanship, improper use, user wear, vandalism D. Key design issues 1. Scale to project. relationship to setting, relationship to the user 2. Surface’s role in design: Mark place, direct circulation: Detail appropriate to region HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM new Card + How, id ) Buy MTT co Cre Search by Saas) auther, title, or ISBN at bookholders.com, Purchase for pickup at local store during convenient hours = = Purchase at local store A using simple and easy bree oF self-serve stations. Advantage Purchase with the help of clerk that can answer your questions about a book or class. E. Technical issues |. Drainage/runoff, Joining to other materials, safety and accessibility. freezing/thawing [X. Recreational Landscapes A. Active Recreation |. Fitness needs are rising, increase in outdoor activity, Decreased open space for recreation 2. Consumes large amount of land, need accessory uses, increased demands for “mega-plex” 3. Key Issues: a. Design of sports courts, retrofit to existing land patterns, underutilized lands/brownfield post solutions B. Passive Recreation |. Frequently integrated with cultural and natural landmarks, located in corridors, small sites 2. Pocket parks, tot lots, picnic areas, neighborhood scale. city-scale 3. Key Issues: a. Preservation and interpretation of cultural features, preservation of natural resources, habitat, natural systems, linkages and connections to other systems C. Sports and Recreation Facilities 1. Topography, vegetation, soils 2. Solar orientation (north-south) / Drainage of fields (Many fields have sub-surface drainage systems) D. Dimensions and Siting |. Siting facilities relative to users and viewers; Orientation of facility to the sun and adjacent landscape E. Multi-Use Recreational Area 1. Challenges to provide multiple uses in one location, parking, scheduling play time 2. Acceptable terrain to accommodate field play often requires considerable grading operations 3. Access and egress issues; Drainage 4. Some prefer a multiplex while others advocated a dispersed system F. Urban waterfronts 1. Often accompanies economic revitalization, Address urban populations and tourists 2. Combination of passive recreation areas connected to another park system 3. Water sports and activities included HTTP://NOTES.BOOKHOLDERS.COM