LAT Laboratory Animal Technician Exam Study Notes, Exams of Nursing

Download LAT Laboratory Animal Technician Exam Study Notes and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers U.S. Government provides approximately how much in research/development funds spent by college and university? -correct answer 2/3. What information is important on grant applications to request funds? -correct answer Detailed description of research goals, scientific basis of study, and review of relevant literature and all procedures to be performed What is the difference between NIH & NSF? -correct answer NIH: primary granting agency: academia, federal agencies, biomedical research NSF: Basic research in math, medicine, and biology The USDA stands for what? -correct answer United States Department of Agriculture The USDA is responsible for what? -correct answer Enforces and amends AWA Auction, sale, exhibit, transport, breeding, or conduct of research with animals Animals exempt from AWA LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Research institutions mst register with Supply annual reports Inspection records through the FOIA Unscheduled inspection once per year What does the FOIA stand for? -correct answer Freedom of Information Act - provides the USDA's inspection records What is the Public Health Service Policy? -correct answer Institutions which receive funding from PHS and NIH must follow these guidelines, requires filing of an Amimal Welfare Assurance document that demonstrates the institution is following the Guid, PHS policy, AWA, and any other applicable laws The FDA has many responsibilites including: -correct answer Assures that new drugs and medical devices are safe and effective before approved for use in humans Monitors drug approval Includes human, and veterinary drugs, food, and medical devices LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers can stop a research peoject Ensures compliance with regulations Reviews complete protocols at least every 3 years; reviews updates to protocols yearly What is the AAALAC, International? -correct answer Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, International Non-profit organization that provides a mechanism for peer review of animal care and use programs by scientific community Detailed application with information on facilities, procedures, programs, and research animals to use Annual report must be submitted to AAALAC on status of animal care program Site inspection and program evaluation every 3 years Why is it important to keep accurate, up-to-date records? - correct answer Determine if procedures are followed according to established standards Determine whether environmental controls are properly maintained LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Improve facility efficiency and effectivness What is PHS Policy? -correct answer All assurance records related directly to grant applications, research proposals, and changes of research activities > 3yrs after completion Centralized -correct answer Serves all the institution's animal care needs; 1 director for entire institution; All personnel associated with the animal facility; All other purchases, per diem, depreciation, inventories, operational costs, and supplies Decentralized -correct answer Each department has own animal facility and operating budget; each department has own animals, supplies, equipment and animal care staffing Direct costs -correct answer Salaries, fringe benefits, equipment, supplies, and operational exprenses (depend on # animals being housed) Indirect Costs -correct answer physical plant, energy costs, depreciation, heating rooms LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Cost Centers -correct answer Cage washing, laboratory services Why is cost accounting important? -correct answer Individulal costs used for projecting future cost; comparisons reveal areas in which costs can be reduced; per diem components (expense to maintain 1 animal for 1 day) Calculating per diem charges -correct answer Internal direct costs are incurred for the husbandry of animals and for other services provided by the animal facility for the benefits of special projects If total costs of maintaining a colony of cats is $27,375 over a 1 year period and the average daily census is 25 cats, what is the per diem charge needed to recover these costs? -correct answer Divide $27,375 by 365 and multiply the result by 25 = 3.00 What are somethings to keep in mind when considering injection techniques? -correct answer Injections with needles LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Blood Collection Techniques - Mouse/Rat -correct answer Heart, saphenous or tail vein, orbital sinus Blood Collection Techniques - Rabbit -correct answer Heart, Ear vein, orbital sinus Blood Collection Techniques - Hamster -correct answer heart, orbital sinus Intraarterial - Blood collection -correct answer Auricular artery frequently used for blood collection in rabbit (artery easily visible; large quantities of blood can be obtained); Same technique as intravenous; Apply pressure to artery after needle withdrawal Retro-Orbital - Blood Collection -correct answer Used for animals that do not have large veins; limited to rodents with large venous sinus or plexus posterior to the erye; animals typically under anesthesia; allow puncture vessel to clot and then pplace opthalmic ointment into the eye LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Saphenous - Blood Collection -correct answer To collect small samples from rodents, blood collected into a capillary tube; anesthesia not required; multiple samples collected in same day Cardiac Puncture - Blood collection -correct answer Needle placed through chest wall and into heart; withdraw blood slowly, dangerous procedure (must use general anesthesia, fatal in some animals, animal euthanized after procedure Tail Transection - Blood Collection -correct answer Method used to collect several drops of blood from mice or rats; controversial; justification for use may be required; Anesthesia recommended for animals older than weaning age Blood Volume -correct answer Total Blood Volume = 6% of body weight (varies depening on species, age, sex, etc.); Guideline used when sampling frequently (volume equal to no more than 1% of an animal's body weight can be taken every two weeks; ie: 3kg rabbit = 30ml blood Gastric Intubation (Gavage) -correct answer Most often used for rodents but can be used in larger animals; Gavage tupe LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers attached to hypodermic syringe; hold animal in proper position Insert tube at approximately 45 degree angle (do not force tube); withdraw and start again if resistance is met while inserting the tube; use gag to prevent chewing of tube; avoid trachea; Ginea pig and Chinchilla - palatal ostium Genetics -correct answer the science of heredity; to breed lab animals successfully, basic knowledge of genetics and reproduction is required; breeding system selected must met the requirements of the research program for which the animals are being bred and must correlate with the behavioral characteristics of the species Heredity -correct answer hereditary characteristics are determined by units called genes, carried on chromosomes; genes are transmitted from 1 generation to the next, through asexual or sexual reproduction; genes are found in cell nuclei and composed of DNA; Every characteristic of an organism, from hair color to heart size, is determined by parental genes Homozygote (Homozygous) -correct answer When both genes of a pair are the same for that gene: AA/aa LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Reproduction and Breeding basics -correct answer Female's reproductive cycle goes through estrous; each cycle has 4 stages What are the 4 stages does a female's reproductive system cycle through during estrous? -correct answer Proestrus, Estrus, Mestestrus, Diestrus Anestrus is... -correct answer the long period of time between breeding seasons Ovulation occurs when... -correct answer When eggs or ova (ovum) are released from ovaries Sex hormones are produced naturally in both males and females as they mature and influence many "reproductive' traits including what anatomical features? -correct answer Decent of testes, development of mammary glands, mating behavior LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Sex hormones, known as _________, can be injected into females to do what? -correct answer Gonadotropins; when injected it can mimic or interrupt or synchronize natural production or cause superoverulation What is superovulation? -correct answer Induction of ovulation can be accomplished by IP injection of reproductive hormones (such as FSH and LH); treatment varies with species; ie) FSH -correct answer Follicle stimulating hormone - prepares the reproductive tract for pregnancy LH -correct answer Leutinizing hormone - causes the release of eggs from What is superovulation? -correct answer Induction of ovulation can be accomplished by IP injection of reproductive hormones (such as FSH and LH); treatment varies with species; ie)in mice, LH is given 46-48 hrs after FSH LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers What is superovulation used for? -correct answer Technique used to collect many eggs from the same female Gestation period is... -correct answer Time from fertilization to birth or parturition; known as pregnancy; period is specific to each species; can vary between strains Pseudopregnancy -correct answer Female mates with sterile male (possibly vasectomized; fetilization does not occur; Act of copulation stimulates female to release hormones in preparation to become pregnant; Females show signs of pregnancy, including release of ova, but no embryos result since there are no sperm and thus no offspring produced; brief since unfertilized ova do not implant in the uterus (in mice up to 14 days of typical 21 days Artificial Insemination and In Vitro Fertilization -correct answer Collection of sperm or eggs/embryos; necessary for production of some genetically engineered mice; Important for rederivation to eliminate certain diseases from a colony; Technique requires precise timing based on knowledge of reproductive cycles LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Intensive breeding requires what? -correct answer Male and female(s) to remain together continuously; continuous pair or trio mating systems help avoid fighting in some mice strains What is the Whitten Effect? -correct answer Presence of only females - no males in the colony; may depress the estrous cycle; addition of male (his pheromones) initiates estrus in about 3 days Foster care -correct answer Foster mothers are provided to young animals if the natural mother has died, can't nurse or mother well, or is weakened during parturition (dystocia); Success is improved when offspring are close in age to that of the foster mother's own babies; Some species are impossible to foster (e.g. hamsters); Anticipate the need for a foster mother, so set up a coincidental mating from the 'foster' colony. Healthy newborn pups with what characteristics will not require fostering? -correct answer nice pink skin color, presence of milk spot, signs that mothering is caring for them, licking and carrying, good nest has been built LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Inbred strain breeding can produce animals with unique characteristics not normally observed, such as: -correct answer Normally recessive genes can be expressed; Useful in research to learn the function of genes.; Sometimes embryonically lethal genes are expressed; Having genetically identical animals is useful. In tissue transplant studies, differing genes could result in rejection; To minimize experimental variation. Foundation colony -correct answer Colony of original animals is created or obtained: Bred to expand the colony; Resulting offspring in the production colony are used in research projects Hybrid breeding -correct answer Selective system; parents are of different inbred strains; Offspring are thus a combination or hybrid of the genes given by the parents; Hybrid strain name is a shorthand abbreviation derived from the two parental strains. [EXAMPLE: The hybrid C3D2F1 is a first generation (F1) cross between a C3H/He (C3) female and a DBA/2 male (D2)]; F1 offspring are identical (heterozygous for the same two alleles at every locus), but F2 offspring, from an F1 x F1 cross, are not LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Recombinant Inbred Strains -correct answer Recombinant inbred strains occur when crossing two different inbred strains, followed by brother/sister matings, or when inbreeding the F1 and subsequent generations of offspring; Helpful in genetic assessments: Determining the inheritance of traits, Interaction (linkage) between genes Co-isogenic -correct answer animals are ideal for studying effects of one single manipulated gene while all other genes remain identical Congenic -correct answer strains are used to determine how the genetic make-up of an individual influences the expression of a single gene Several factors can influence breeding such as: -correct answer Animal health -Of primary importance; Environmental conditions -Light, temperature, humidity, etc; Cannibalism and desertion -Caused by inexperienced females, overcrowding, poor environmental conditions, stress and disturbance LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers knockout mice -correct answer Blockage of function or actual removal of specific genes on the chromosome; it is a targeted mutation of the DNA. Three primary methods are used to insert DNA into fertilized eggs: -correct answer Pronuclear Injection, Retroviral Insertion, & Embryonic Stem Cell Insertion Pronuclear Injection -correct answer DNA is injected directly into the fertilized egg. Retroviral Insertion -correct answer DNA is attached to a virus, which carries the DNA into the egg. Embryonic Stem Cell Insertion -correct answer DNA is purified, then inserted into special cells via a tissue culture process called electroporation; these cells are then transferred into the embryos, which are then implanted into a recipient female. Clones -correct answer Most cells reproduce by mitosis: an identical copy of the genome is produced, and the cell splits LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers into two identical "daughter" cells; used to denote an offspring that is genetically identical to its parent, usually created by removing the nucleus from an egg and inserting the nucleus from one of the parent's cells. cell membrane -correct answer the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others. centrosome -correct answer (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The centriole is the dense center of the centrosome. cytoplasm -correct answer the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located. Golgi body -correct answer (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell lysosome -correct answer (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place mitochondrion -correct answer spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell. nuclear membrane -correct answer the membrane that surrounds the nucleus nucleolus -correct answer an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more than one nucleolus LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Muscle (contractile) tissue -correct answer Contracts on stimulation; Movement, posture and heat production Nerve tissue -correct answer Conducts nerve impulses throughout the body Epithelial tissue -correct answer Covers all body surfaces; lines all cavities; forms glands; Protective barrier against the environment What are the major organ systems -correct answer Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Circulatory, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive, Nervous, Endocrine Integumentary System -correct answer The skin, or integument, covers an animal and protects it for the outside environment Vertebrate skin has three basic structures. What are they? - correct answer Epidermis, Dermis, Glands LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Skeletal System -correct answer A skeleton is the framework of an animal's body; Most vertebrates have an internal skeleton or endoskeleton, which protects various parts of the body; The skeleton facilitates movement. What are the two tissue types in the vertebrate skeleton? - correct answer Bone and Cartilage What are the 4 types of bones classified by shape? -correct answer Long bones (diaphysis), short bones (epiphysis), Flat bones (medullary cavity), irregular bones (periosteum) What are the 2 main bone groups? -correct answer Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton Axial Skeleton -correct answer Skull -Two parts: cranium and facial; Vertebrae -Vertebral column consists of bones known as vertebrate; Ribs and sternum; Part of the thoracic region Appendicular Skeleton is made up of... -correct answer bones and includes the pectoral girdle LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers The forelimb consists of the: -correct answer Humerus (upper arm), Radius and ulna (forearm), Carpals (wrist bones), Metacarpals (hand bones), Phalanges (fingers, digits, thumbs) The hindlimb consists of the: -correct answer Femur (thigh), Tarsals (ankle bones), Metatarsals (foot bones), Patella (knee cap), Tibia and fibula (lower leg), Phalanges (toes) What words are used to describe joint movement? -correct answer Rotation, Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction Rotation -correct answer Pivot movement; e.g., turning the head, Flexion -correct answer Bending or folding; e.g., elbow joint Extension -correct answer Opening the joint Abduction -correct answer Movement of bone away from midline LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers What are the classifications of granulocytes? -correct answer Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils Lymphoid cells -correct answer Most commonly occur in lymph vessels and in the nodes along these vessels;- monocytes; - lymphocytes; Lymphoid and small white blood cells help make up the immune system Thrombocytes -correct answer Platelets essential for blood clotting; formation of hemostatic plugs or clots; serum monocytes -correct answer Large lymphoid cells lymphocytes -correct answer Small white blood cells What is the structure of the Circulatory System? -correct answer Heart - four chambers in mammals and birds What are the three separate tissue layers that compose the heart? -correct answer Myocardium; Epicardium, Endocardium LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Myocardium -correct answer heart muscle Epicardium -correct answer covers outer surface of myocardium Endocardium -correct answer delicate layer of tissue lining the inside of the heart's chambers The heart has 2 halves that each contain... -correct answer Each contains an atrium and a ventricle, which acts to collect blood and circulate it throughout the body What are the 3 types of blood vessels? -correct answer Arteries, Veins, Blood capillaries; Blood passes from the capillaries into the venous system; first through venules and then veins What is the function of the arteries? -correct answer Carry blood away from the heart LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers What is the function of the veins? -correct answer Return blood to the heart What is the function of the blood capillaries? -correct answer Connect arteries and veins Facts about veins -correct answer Carry blood at pressures lower than arteries. Venous systems act as reservoir. Hold roughly 60% of total blood volume. Largest vein in body: Vena Cava, which lies next to the aorta. Vena cava empties into the right atrium. Circulation Control -correct answer Blood flows from an area where pressure is greater to an area where it is lower. Left ventricle is source of highest pressure. Blood pressure is recorded as diastolic and systolic pressures. Diastole occurs as the blood flows in and the ventricle is at rest. Systole occurs as the mitral valve closes just as the ventricle begins to contract. Blood is taken from the ventricles during a cardiac puncture procedure. Diastolic pressure -correct answer occurs as the blood flows in and the ventricle is at rest. LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Gastrointestinal tract -correct answer Long tube called the alimentary canal consisting of several organs (e.g., stomach, intestines); Begins at the lips, teeth and tongue; Inside of digestive system lined with epithelial tissue What is the main difference between carnivorous and omnivorous compared to herbivores? -correct answer Carnivorous and omnivorous animals have one stomach; some herbivores (ruminants) have four specialized stomach compartments What is the primary purpose of the stomach? -correct answer Storage What is the duodenum and what happens here? -correct answer Most digestion occurs in first section of small intestine. What is the role of the cecum? -correct answer Digestion is accomplished by bacteria found in the cecum. Cecum is large in rabbits, horses, and rodents and helps to digest roughage. Cecum is small in other species, such as humans and dogs, and contributes little to digestion. LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Where does nutrient and water absorption take place? - correct answer large intestine or colon. Feces -correct answer Feces are eliminate through anal sphincter muscle; Technicians should monitor appearance of feces and promptly report abnormalities What is digestion? -correct answer Process of digestion breaks down large particles of food into smaller molecules. Liver and pancreas play vital roles in digestion. Pancreas serves what two functions? -correct answer Exocrine gland - secretes digestive enzymes through ducts into small intestine; Endocrine gland - secretes glucose-regulating hormones directly into the bloodstream Which gland secretes digestive enzymes through ducts into small intestines? -correct answer Exocrine Gland Which gland secretes glucose-regulating hormones directly into the bloodstream -correct answer Endocrine Gland LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers What organs are used in the urinary system? -correct answer Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra What is the purpose of the ureters? -correct answer To transport urine to the bladder What is the function of the urinary bladder? -correct answer Urine Storage What is the purpose of the urethra? -correct answer Connects bladder with exterior Gonads -correct answer Production of gametes and secretion of sex hormones The nervous system has 2 different systems. These are... - correct answer Central nervous system - includes brain and spinal cord; peripheral nervous system - controls voluntary movement, subdivision is the ANS which regulates involuntary functions of visceral and other organs LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Germ-free barrier: shower-in, enter through one-way air lock, protective apparel, work done under a laminar flow hood, all materials autoclaved, waste out separate route, air pressure positive to the surrounding areas Circulation Directional -correct answer Add pic "Modified SPF" -correct answer a barrier with less stringent procedures; animals purchased only from SPF vendors Containment -correct answer Requires protective apparel to protect the person; Personnel may be required to shower-out; Materials must be decontaminated; Negative air pressure; Air out may require sterilization or HEPA filtration. What does protecting from contamination require? -correct answer 1) Store feed, bedding and cages away from waste. 2) Wear protective clothing when working in animal areas. 3) Separate quarantine and receiving from animals on study. 4) Disinfect contaminated gloves, boots and equipment. LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers How can we prevent allergen and pathogen exposure? - correct answer 1) Wear protective clothing while handling animals. 2) Remove contaminated protective clothing before entering lunch rooms, offices etc. 3) Do not wear uniforms or work shoes home. Caging Systems -correct answer permit freedom of movement and normal posture; identical housing for each animal on a study; weight and number of animals housed per cage; AWA, The Guide, USDA, PHS, AAALAC; comfortable, safe, escape- proof, with easy access to food and water; ventilation and be kept dry and clean; materials sturdy, durable, smooth, impervious; inspection of occupants without disturbing them ; normal interaction Selection of Caging Systems -correct answer age, weight, and size of the species; purpose for which it is to be used (short- term or long-term housing, individual or group housing, collection of clinical or metabolic samples, administration of test materials, or moving animals from one location to another); endure repeated use and sanitation and use in a variety of research programs for long-term applications LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Transport Cages -correct answer Food or water is not usually provided; Specialized transport cages fit up to opening of cage. Activity Cages -correct answer rodent - an attached wheel- shaped section; nonhuman primates - bars, ropes, swings, and sometimes toys; dogs and other larger animals - runs Recovery Cages -correct answer to hold an animal after surgical manipulation. also called therapy cages or intensive care units; heated floor, plexiglass door for easy viewing, can be fitted with environmental controls, port access for IV therapy or physiological monitors Inhalation Cage/Environmental Chambers -correct answer for exposure to test materials Test material in as a vapor, mist, or gas. Animals inhale the substance, pulmonary function measurements can be performed Restraint Equipment -correct answer Holds animals securely but comfortably. Used to collect samples or administer materials. Collection and administration site access. Allows techs use of both hands for procedure. Complete sanitation LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Why is it important to maintain the fresh air in the room? - correct answer Reduce level of airborne pathogens, odors, chemical contaminants, and particulates; How can you measure the freshness of the air in the room? - correct answer Supply and exhaust measured with anemometer [measures the velocity of air passing through the vent expressed as cubic feet per minute (CFM)]; What determines positive or negative room pressure? -correct answer Adjustments to supply and exhaust flows What is Ammonia? -correct answer A gaseous by-product of the bacterial metabolism of urea, a substance found in urine; Heavier than air and becomes concentrated; Can be a serious problem in filter-top cages; Some commercial bedding material contains an ammonia inhibitor Mycoplasma pulmonis -correct answer may cause disease in the presence of a high ammonia LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers What is the purpose of HEPA filters? -correct answer HEPA filters prevent airborne microorganisms from entering. HEPA filters are 99.7 percent efficient. (removes particles as small as 0.3 microns.) If HEPA filters are kept dry, bacteria and viruses cannot pass through them; Dust and hair can clog a HEPA filter. pre-HEPA filter for gross contaminants Laminar air flow cabinets or cubicles -correct answer Air is drawn through a pre-filter and forced into a plenum or distribution chamber, then through HEPA filters and over cages. With reversal of air flow, devices achieve biohazard containment; hoods (work stations) used for manipulations; Most are of the type which protects both the operator and the hood contents from contamination (Class II). Laminar/Mass Air Displacement (add pics) -correct answer Uniform, unidirectional, continuous flow of filtered air •200 or more air changes per hour Ventilated Cage Racks are used for ______ and helps reduce __________. -correct answer Provide HEPA-filtered air to each individual cage. •Provide a barrier at the cage level. Continuous air flow reduces ammonia levels. LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers What does the Laminar flow hood not prevent against? - correct answer Will not prevent exposure of personnel to chemical agents such as formaldehyde or gas anesthetics; What is 1 reason it is important to understand how the hood functions? -correct answer Stacking cages and other materials inside a hood can disrupt the normal air flow => hood ineffective. What is important to consider with lighting of the lab environment? -correct answer retinal degeneration in albino spp. •Most animals tolerate lighting of 35- to 100-foot candles. •12-hour light/dark cycle - on 12 hrs and off 12 hrs. Automatic light timing devices prevent lighting variables. Why does noise in the lab environment matter? -correct answer Variations => reduced breeding in some species. •Animals can be sensitive to noises humans can't hear. Some rodents susceptible to audiogenic seizures when exposed to sudden loud noises. Noise stress => enlarged adrenal glands, reduced breeding efficiency, increased blood pressure, LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Spectrum of Activity - Chemical Selection -correct answer the specific organisms tested against the product Effectiveness in Hard Water - Chemical Selection -correct answer Hard water ions can inactivate chemical. Stability of the pH - Chemical Selection -correct answer Buffers prevent > pH changes from the concentrated to the diluted form or by additives such as soaps. Use Dilution - Chemical Selection -correct answer Using too much of product is wasteful and using too little may reduce or eliminate the antimicrobial effect. Contact Time - Chemical Selection -correct answer Essential that agent be in contact with surface long enough to kill the most resistant organisms present. Temperature - Chemical Selection -correct answer Heat could cause the evaporation of some of the components of the formulation LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Toxicity - Chemical Selection -correct answer thoroughly rinse away; Application - Mops and squeegees, Sprays, Immersion, Fogging, Fumigation Evaluation Methods - Chemical Selection -correct answer bacterial cultures What are the different types of sterilization? -correct answer Moist heat, dry heat, chemicals, and radiation What is the primary mean of sterilizing? -correct answer Steam autoclave is primary means of sterilizing. When testing sterility what is the most common biological indicator? -correct answer Resistant organism's indicators for testing sterility. Most common biological indicator are spores of the bacterium (Bacillus stearothermophilus) Small vials placed into the autoclave during a sterilizing cycle. Vial incubated to detect any growth of the spores. A color change indicates growth of the bacteria. No growth = sterilizing cycle is operating properly. LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers What are some limitations to the moist heat sterilization method? -correct answer cutting edges dull : dry fabrics scorch, some wet materials corrode , some rubber and plastics deteriorate, certain materials don't mix with water, possibility of serious injury Moist Heat - Method -correct answer Hot water is effective only as a sanitizer. Steam is a good sterilizerunder pressure - temperature > 100°C (212°F). What is the minimum sterilization time and at what temperatures? (moist heat method) -correct answer Minimum sterilization time 15 minutes at 121°C (250°F) or 5 minutes at 132.2°C (270°F). Steps for Autoclaves -correct answer 1. Central chamber is surrounded by a jacket. 2. Steam saturated with water vapor and superheated under pressure. 3. Steam baffle prevents load from being saturated. 4. Drain present at the lowest point of the chamber. 5. Valves top and bottom permit the exit of air and steam 6. Safety valve if the steam pressure exceeds a safe level. 7. Air inlet and vacuum air filters remove LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Safety & Hygiene -correct answer Instruct on precautions taken in work area and use of safety equipment. •Advise that use of safety equipment is mandatory. •Equipment must be available for any type of risk or exposure encountered. •Employee's responsibility to perform in a safe manner. •First aid stations / emergency eye-wash or shower stations / fire extinguishers / spill kits and instructions / emergency evacuation routes •Good personal hygiene needs to be enforced. Research Environment Hazards -correct answer Radioisotopes, living pathogens, carcinogens, and toxins What information is required when disclosing environment hazards -correct answer identity of biohazardous agent, the name and telephone number of responsible supervisor, and special requirements for entering Basic environment hazards -correct answer microorganisms not known to cause disease in healthy adult humans CDC classifies these organisms as BSL1 (Biosafety Level 1). LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Containment environment hazards -correct answer separate environment from public These organisms are classified as BSL2 (Biosafety Level 2), High containment environment hazards -correct answer may cause serious or fatal disease These organisms are classified as BSL3 (Biosafety Level 3). What is a radioisotope? -correct answer Isotopes are different forms of an atom of the same chemical element. They have identical chemical properties but a different relative atomic mass. While the number of protons is the same, the number of neutrons in the nucleus differs. Some isotopes are referred to as 'stable' and others as 'unstable' or 'radioactive'. It is the radioactive nature of these unstable isotopes, usually referred to a 'radioisotopes', which gives them so many applications in modern science and technology. Primary Barriers -correct answer Biological safety cabinets (Class I,II & III cabinets); Effective operation of safety cabinets depends on inward flow of air, and any activity that disrupts that flow can result in escape of material from the cabinet; Cabinets should be tested at installation, any time it is moved LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers to a new location, and at least annually; A certification label, with the date that the next routine check is due, is attached to the cabinet at the time of testing. Secondary Barriers -correct answer Air locks, locker rooms, shower areas, ultraviolet lighting, differential airflow, air filters, and other such facilities outside immediate animal housing environment •Combination of structural barriers plus primary barriers and good technical safety skills routinely protect technicians. Secondary Barriers pic -correct answer Add pic What are the steps for Waste Disposal? -correct answer 1. Research protocol must specify type, amount, route and method of excretion. 2. Isolate hazardous animals from animals that don't contain materials. 3. Post sign on room/cages containing hazardous materials. 4. Post "Notice To Employees" and "Emergency Procedures" signs. 5. Under supervision of veterinarian and Occupational Health and Safety. 6. Monitor personnel working with animals that emit gamma radiation. 7. Instruct personnel in proper procedures for handling and disposing of contaminated wastes from the LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers worming and vaccination schedules, health history, and USDA paperwork. When transporting animals which standards must be met? - correct answer AWA & USDA standards = length of time shipment held prior to departure (minimum and maximum temperature transport facilities size, ventilation and construction of containers, how many animals may be transported in a cage, air exchange and temperature in the animal cargo space, maximum length of time without food or water, how often checked while in transit, avoiding rough handling, health certificates Transportation -correct answer •Shipping containers: conventional = cardboard, SPF and germfree = filtered air vents •Document shipment conditions in vehicle and condition of animals on arrival What should be checked upon receiving new animals? -correct answer Receiving person must be aware of animals expected and instructions from the investigator on how they are to be housed. •Know orders placed, which vendor, what ordered, arrival, and purchase ID - required by federal inspectors. LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers •Check specifications of order. •Cage cards and records •Physical examinations Why disinfect containers prior to opening after transport? - correct answer •Aseptically remove from containers and place in decontaminated cages in a pathogen-free area •May collect % for diagnostic confirmation of health status. •Conditioning: > 48 hours required for rodents; It is important to quarantine animal after shipment because... -correct answer Animals may become immunosuppressed and dehydrated during shipment. If exposed to a disease, more likely to become ill. Better to discover disease in quarantine, than in existing colony. What is ideal quarantine after shipment? -correct answer separate rooms or isolation cubicles, by vendor and arrival date or at least be separated by species During shipping, protect animals from ________, offer _________ and ______, food and water, and keep animal _____ and _____. -correct answer Protect from impact, offer ventilation and heat, food and water and keep animals clean LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers and dry. •Display address, contact and special instructions. •Ship early in the week in order to avoid weekend delays. •Check with state veterinarian or the USDA prior. Species of animal determines shipping requirements. What are some things to consider when shipping animals? - correct answer Shipping of birds and cold-blooded animals = unique problems. Size and other animals in the group = # animals housed. Different sizes should not be shipped in the same container. Age must be considered; very young should not be shipped in a container with older animals unless they are suckling littermates with their dam. Quarantine -correct answer observed for signs of disease For larger animals, includes treatment for internal or external parasites, tattooing, checking tuberculosis, and treating diseases. Conditioning -correct answer the period during which animals are becoming adjusted to their new environment. Work in quarantine only after work with all other healthy animals. •Negative room air pressure so undesirable microorganisms LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) - Microbial Status -correct answer describes only those microorganisms they do not contain, term SPF alone says nothing about which are present Gnotobiotic - Microbial Status -correct answer defined microbial flora Axenic - Microbial Status -correct answer completely free of all detectable microorganisms and parasites Caesarean - Microbial Status -correct answer Derived or Caesarean-Origin: mammals delivered by surgical means Barrier-Reared or Barrier-Sustained - Microbial Status -correct answer raised in a controlled microbial barrier, which prevents the entrance of pathogenic organisms Isolator- Equipment and Supplies -correct answer rigid type - stainless steel or plexiglass & flexible type - clear plastic film LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Individual Micro-Isolator™ -correct answer shoebox-type plastic cages that have a hard plastic lid with a special filter Barrier is at the cage level. One disadvantage is that air exchange may be reduced. Ventilated cage racks -correct answer supply HEPA filtered air Supply a constant flow of fresh air to the animals, which reduces ammonia and carbon dioxide levels inside the cage; Provide either positive or negative pressure inside the cage; Sterilized food, water and bedding done by packaging food and water in a supply cylinder (unless irradiated)/ Air is sterilized by passing it through special HEPA filters. Conventional Animals -correct answer Wear gloves and either a clean lab coat or clothing worn only inside facility. Food and water free from pathogens but not sterile. Equipment and cages sanitized to kill pathogens. Relatively inexpensive to produce and maintain. Research not type that is affected by the microbes or the minor response variations caused by those microbes. Useful in experiments measuring rate drug is absorbed across skin. Not in experiments in which fine differences in immune system's response to bacteria are measured LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Specific Pathogen Free -correct answer Defined by specific microbes they lack. •Safeguards prevent them from being contaminated. Access to the rooms housing these animals is usually restricted. Shower before entering and/or wear special clothing. •Supplies are usually sterilized. •Common bacteria and viruses may still be in the environment without affecting SPF status. •Monitoring includes tests for pathogens the animal should be free from. Investigations of a disease caused by a specific pathogen require animals free of that disease. Research involving diseases known to be influenced by the presence of specific pathogens Gnotobiotic and Axenic -correct answer Produced by surgically removing young from mother's sterile uterus just prior to birth. Gnotobiotic animals are associated with bacteria, which enhance digestion but do not cause disease. Food has > amounts of vitamins and other nutrients. Vitamins A, C, K, thiamine, and pyroxidine are partially destroyed by the heat of sterilization process. Special nutritional needs, because the bacteria that help produce vitamins in the intestines normally are missing. Sensitive immunological and biochemical studies are typical of the types of research that require the use of axenic or gnotobiotic animals. LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers with this virus can become ill with the disease. Mice exposed to such hamsters frequently develop serious clinical disease Zoonosis, or zoonotic disease -correct answer Disease transmitted from humans to animals / animals to humans: tuberculosis & nonhuman primates, turtles & salmonellosis, cats and dogs & ringworm, rabies, herpes B, lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM), toxoplasmosis, herpes simplex virus •Table 9.1 - casual contact zoonoses ... -correct answer •Table 9.2 - active contact zoonoses Epizootic -correct answer a sudden disease outbreak that affects a large number of animals (an epidemic in humans) Enzootic -correct answer disease occurs in several members of a population or colony (endemic in humans) What are some types of non-infection diseases? -correct answer Nutritional Diseases, Hereditary Abnormalities, Congenital Diseases, Degenerative Diseases LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Nutritional Diseases -correct answer dominant animal may prevent subordinate from access to food; skin conditions, changes in hair coat, growth changes, malformation of bones, and reduced reproductive capacity. Hereditary Abnormalities -correct answer passed from parent to offspring by way of genes; Certain ones intentionally maintained in inbred animals; Technicians who work with strain that has inherited problems should learn about the characteristic unusual responses. Congenital Diseases -correct answer animal is born with disease Degenerative Diseases -correct answer diseases associated with aging Cancer -correct answer Unregulated, disorganized proliferation •Neoplasm = "new growth" •Chronic irritation, radiation, and certain chemical agents, drugs, and viruses can induce tumor formation. •Several genes linked to breast and colon tumors. •Tumors may either be malignant or benign. Benign tumors are not extensively invasive. Malignant LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers tumors, on the other hand, often spread rapidly, are very invasive, even to other areas of the body (metastasis) and are more life-threatening. •Many strains of rodents have a predisposition to develop specific types, which makes them useful animal models. Diagnosis -correct answer Diagnosis is usually based on clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory test results, and findings from a complete necropsy. Prognosis -correct answer A prognosis is a prediction of the probable course of a disease and the chances of recovery. Morbidity and Mortality -correct answer The morbidity rate is the number of sick animals expressed as %. ... -correct answer Mortality refers to the number of animals that die from a disease. ... -correct answer Sick animals that seem near death are said to be moribund. LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers What are some of the body's defenses? -correct answer Certain foreign organisms are not easily destroyed by a local inflammatory response. Large numbers of dead cells, bacteria, and phagocytes may accumulate, resulting in the production of pus (e.g. abscess). Relatively long period of inflammation is required for all the bacteria to be killed and for an abscess to heal Invading Organisms -correct answer If organisms escape from a local area, they spread throughout body causing septicemia. Simultaneous exposure of many organs to bacterial infection, toxins, or waste products => death. What does the lymphatic system do to help fight infection? - correct answer Lymphatic system drains excess fluids and debris from tissues. The lymph nodes trap many bacteria, viruses, and damaged cells. Swollen lymph nodes are a clinical sign of disease. After antigen exposure, immune system produces ______ and _______ against specific foreign substance that initially _______ their production. -correct answer After antigen exposure, immune system produces lymphocytes and LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers antibodies against specific foreign substance that initially stimulated their production. Acquired (developed), active immunity to that substance ... -correct answer Antigen-specific antibodies can be identified in diagnostic tests. ... -correct answer Controlled exposure to antigens is the principle behind vaccination against bacterial, viral and allergic diseases. Allergy or Hypersensitivity -correct answer Instead of helping, allergic immune response causes additional tissue damage. One reaction is called anaphylactic shock. •Some organisms are adapted to surviving in an animal host despite the immune response. Parasites, such as intestinal roundworms, are a classic example. •Newborns have temporary level of passive immunity. Antibodies acquired through mothers' milk or across the placenta. Passively transferred antibodies protect for the first few weeks of life until old enough to produce own antibodies. •Only infection or vaccination can stimulate a long-lasting active immune response. LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Summary of diseases -correct answer Unvaccinated, disease- free animals have no immunity from prior exposure. As health status of laboratory animals improves, quality of care and observation provided by laboratory animal technicians must also improve. •Host's immune system usually recognizes a disease agent as foreign and mounts some type of defense. •Host may be successful or unsuccessful in fighting off disease. depending on # of organisms or concentration of agent to which it was exposed, the nature of the agent, and way host reacts •If successful, host lives after recovering; if unsuccessful, it may die. If the host lives, it may or may not develop immunity. Preventing & Curing -correct answer Preventive medicine way to avoid disease. Requires barriers between hosts and organisms or immunization before infection occurs. •Antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs, often required to help combat disease. •Many diseases are no longer common problems in rodents born and raised in barriers. Wild rodents and cockroaches occasionally get in. ... -correct answer Imported primates and other wild animals, often contain exotic disease organisms. •Be on alert for outbreaks and zoonotic health problems. •Cleanliness and LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers barbering -correct answer In rodents, a dominant animal often chews hair off the head, neck, and back of cagemates, a behavior Pattern of hair loss is important in determining the cause because... -correct answer Fungal ringworm infections cause hair loss in circular pattern. Areas of alopecia on both sides of the body are common in several metabolic diseases, In rodents, a dominant animal often chews hair off the head, neck, and back of cagemates. Areas of alopecia on both sides of the body are common in several metabolic diseases. External Parasites/Conjunctivitis -correct answer Infestations with fleas, lice, and mites often result in alopecia caused by scratching. Seen around the neck, between rear legs, and on back, cranial to tail. Mites - microscope is required. Ear mites, most common in dogs, cats, rabbits, ferrets. Can trigger bacterial infections in the outer ear. Insecticide treatment =>possible toxicity. Multiple treatments destroy newly hatching parasites. Conjunctivitis is a redness or inflammation of tissue around eyes. Cause - air irritants, infections, or allergies. Viruses and bacteria can also cause conjunctivitis. If only one eye is involved, the cause may be an injury. LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers Mastitis -correct answer infection of the mammary glands; Occurs during early nursing period or just after weaning; Swollen, firm and hot, and may even turn blue or black What is the treatment for mastitis? -correct answer take young away and administer antibiotics. A foster mother or bottle feeding may be necessary if the young cannot eat solid food. Overgrown Hoof or Nail Diseases -correct answer from poor husbandry; •Common in sheep, goats, rabbits, cats and dogs. •Birds develop overgrown nails and beaks. What is the treatment for Overgrown Hoof or Nail Diseases - correct answer clipping the claws or trimming hooves. Animals on concrete floors seldom have this problem. Enteritis -correct answer intestinal inflammation => diarrhea; ... -correct answer Enteritis can be caused by bacteria, viruses, endoparasites, spoiled food, or contaminated water; Salmonella, canine parvovirus, feline panleukopenia, MHV, LAT Laboratory Animal Technician exam with verified answers roundworms, tapeworms, hookworms, and coccidian; Spoiled food and contaminated water from the direct action of bacteria, mold, fungi or their chemical toxins. Pneumonia -correct answer infection of the lungs; Caused by a variety of bacteria, viruses, or other organisms. Signs = shallow, labored breathing, coughing, general weakness. Antibiotics are used to treat, not effective against viruses. Good nursing care important aspect of treatment, and effective quarantine and isolation programs help control the spread.