Leadership Theories: Traits, Behavioural, and Contingency Approaches, Slides of Human Resource Management

Download Leadership Theories: Traits, Behavioural, and Contingency Approaches and more Slides Human Resource Management in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Chapter 16 Leadership 2 Managers Compared to Leaders Leadership is the process of influencing a group toward the achievement of goals. Are appointed or emerge from within a work group Are appointed to their position Do not necessarily have the skills and capabilities to be managers Do not necessarily have the skills and capabilities to be leaders Can influence other people and have managerial authority Can influence people only to the extent of the formal authority of their position LeadersManagers 3 Early Leadership Theories • Trait theories (1920s-30s) Research focused on identifying personal characteristics that differentiated leaders from non- leaders was unsuccessful. Later research on the leadership process identified seven traits associated with successful leadership: Drive, the desire to lead, honesty and integrity, self- confidence, intelligence, job-relevant knowledge, and extraversion. 4 Early Leadership Theories (cont’d) • Behavioural theories University of Iowa Studies (Kurt Lewin) Identified three leadership styles: – Autocratic style: centralized authority, low participation – Democratic style: involvement, high participation, feedback – Laissez faire style: hands-off management Research findings: mixed results – No specific style was consistently better for producing better performance – Employees were more satisfied under a democratic leader than an autocratic leader. Docsity.com 2 5 Early Leadership Theories (cont’d) • Behavioural theories (cont’d) Ohio State Studies Identified two dimensions of leader behaviour – Initiating structure: the role of the leader in defining his or her role and the roles of group members –Consideration: the leader’s mutual trust and respect for group members’ ideas and feelings. Research findings: mixed results –High-high leaders generally, but not always, achieved high group task performance and satisfaction. –Evidence indicated that situational factors appeared to strongly influence leadership effectiveness. 6 Early Leadership Theories (cont’d) • Behavioural theories (cont’d) University of Michigan Studies Identified two dimensions of leader behaviour –Employee oriented: emphasizing personal relationships –Production oriented: emphasizing task accomplishment Research findings: –Leaders who are employee oriented are strongly associated with high group productivity and high job satisfaction. 7 The Managerial Grid • Managerial grid Appraises leadership styles using two dimensions: Concern for people Concern for production Places managerial styles in five categories: Impoverished management Task management Middle-of-the-road management Country club management Team management 8 Managerial grid Figure 16.2 Docsity.com