Understanding Learning: Definitions, Domains, and Theories, Slides of Training and Development

Download Understanding Learning: Definitions, Domains, and Theories and more Slides Training and Development in PDF only on Docsity! Learning Docsity.com Definition of Learning Learning could be defined as a ‘relatively change in behavior that occurs as a result of prior experience.’ By E.R. Hilgard Learning has taken place if an individual behaves, reacts and responds as a result of experience in a manner different from the way he formerly behaved. By W.McGehee Docsity.com Developing a Desire to Learn The trainee should have interest and desire to learn to maximum extent. Further he is expected to participate sincerely, during the training programme. Training programme will be effective only when the trainee specifically commits himself to the training programme. Motivation begins even before starting the training programme. Motivation should be continued throughout the programme. And even after training programme is completed. Docsity.com Trainees may be motivated through the offers of confirmation to successful probationers, promotions or wage hike or enhanced benefits or some reward to successful trainees in case of present employees. Docsity.com Failure of Motivation for Training Motivation for training may not work successfully in all situations. Motivation for training fails in the following circumstances: 1. It the trainees do not have desire to progress or develop. 2. If there is no tradition of providing training to the employees in the organization. Docsity.com The Climate for Learning Conducive climate is highly essential for serious participation, attentiveness, creation of interest, and sincerity of learner. Docsity.com Factors of Learning The learning process involves the following implications: • Learning invariably involves a change, through not necessarily improvement, in behaviour. The learning may be good or bad from an organization’s point of view. For example, bad habits, prejudice, stereotypes and work restrictions may be learnt by an individual. Docsity.com • Change in behaviour must be relatively permanent. Temporary changes may be only reflexive, and fail to represent any learning. The changes caused by fatigue or temporary adaptations are not covered in learning process. • The learning is reflected in behaviour. A change in an individual’s thought process or attitudes, not accompanied by behaviour, is no learning. Docsity.com Using Learning Theory There are four basic approaches in learning theory, they are: 1. Behavioural Approach: The basic of learning is by trail and error, repetition being particularly emphasised. 2. Gestalt Approach: The basic of learning is seen as in-sight. The total situation is seen as a meaningful pattern which occurs as follows: Stimuli Response Reward/ Punishment This type of learning is particularly associated with the learning of ideas. Docsity.com 3. Model Approach: Learning is achieved by adopting the success and avoiding the failure of others who earned through trail and error approach. 4. Instruction: Learning is dependent on teaching by others, who are more skillful and knowledgeable. Docsity.com Areas of Learning Theory Different areas of learning theory are: 1. Motivation 2. Reinforcement (individual must receive reward or punishment) 3. Feed-back of knowledge of results 4. Learning by doing 5. Spaced repetition (distribution of learning periods/ content through time) 6. Appropriate size of scope of the lesson 7. Providing support theory or background Docsity.com ii. Under classic conditioning, reinforcement is not received by the choice of the individual. But in case of operant conditioning, the individual’s response is instrumental in securing reinforcement by operating on the environment. Before Conditioning After Conditioning UCS UCR UCS UCR Food Salivation food Salivation (Bell) Neutral Stimulus No Response CS CR Bell Salivation Docsity.com Social Learning: The integrative theory of learning explains that people learn through observation and direct experience. The modeling symbolism and self- control are the important techniques of social learning. The following process determine the influence that a model has on an individual. 1. Attention Process 2. Retention Process Docsity.com 3. Motor Reproduction Process 4. Reinforcement Process 3. Cognitive Learning: The cognitive theorist considers that learning is achieved by thinking about the perceived relationship between events and individual goals. The processes within the individual concerned with receiving, preserving and interpreting information make the individual learn new behaviour patterns. Docsity.com Extinction: When reinforcement stops for a long period of time, the person stops performing that behaviour. This phenomenon is known as Extinction. For all purposes, it appears that the person has stopped behaving in a particular manner because he might have forgotten to behave in that manner. Docsity.com Organizational Behaviour Modification Organizational behaviour modification (briefly referred us OB Mod) is a sophisticated quantitative tool that is frequently employed to improve the organizational effectiveness. It is the conscious application of operant conditioning principle often called as behaviour Modification. Docsity.com Learning Style The way a person prefers to learn is called his/her learning style. There is no right or wrong/ good or bad learning style. it has nothing to do with intellengce or skills. • Auditory (learn by hearing) • Tactile (learn by doing) • Visual (learn by seeing or writing) Docsity.com 6. Interpersonal: These are the “social butterflies”. They adapt easily to any type of social situation, have many friends and are excellent leaders. 7. Intrapersonal: These strong willed people work best alone. They pursue their own interest and have a deep understanding of themselves. Docsity.com David Kolb’s Model The David Kolb style model is based on the Experiential Learning. Experience as the source of learning and development (1984). There are two approaches toward transforming experience. • Reflective Observation • Active Experimentation Docsity.com According to Kolb’s Model ideal learning styles are as follows: • Converger • Diverger • Assimilator • Accommodators Docsity.com Factors Influencing the Learning Process In order to promote learning in the groups the trainer must understand those factors, which will contribute most to learning. To facilitate learning, a Facilitator needs to understand the various factors which bear upon the learning process. • Motivation • Stimulus, Response and Reinforcement • Participation and Practice • Perception  Moving from the known  Progressing from the simple to a complex  Relating from material presented to tasks Docsity.com Adult Learning Adult educators coined the term Andragogy for the growing body of knowledge about adult learners that would enable them to talk about in parallel with pedagogical model. Andragogy is gain derived from the Greek word meaning “adult” (literally man). It was initially used to mean the art and science of helping adults learn. Later on the term has widely been used as an alternative to pedagogy. Docsity.com • Adults learn best when they are free to determine what, how and when they should learn. • Adults were highly self-directed learners. • Adults learn more from non-formal, unorganized and loosely structured programme because there is scope to apply gray cells and pick up what is important by structuring it in the fashion easiest to them. Docsity.com