Download Food Animal Integument Surgery: Wound Healing & Teat Surgeries and more Exams General Surgery in PDF only on Docsity! Lecture 9: Food Animal Integument Surgery What are the 3 phases of wound healing? - 1. Inflammation 2. Tissue formation 3. Tissue remodeling What happens in the inflammatory phase of wound healing? - 1. Blood vessels in the wound bed contract & forms clot 2. After hemostasis, blood vessels dilate to allow WBCs, antibodies, growth factors, enzymes, & nutrients to reach wound What are the 5 characteristic signs of the inflammatory phase of wound healing? - 1. Erythema 2. Heat 3. Edema 4. Pain 5. Functional disturbance What happens in the tissue formation phase of wound healing? - 1. Epithelialization begins within hours 2. Granulation tissue within 3-4 days - surface for epithelialization - resists infection What happens in the tissue remodeling phase of wound healing? - Granulation tissue to scar tissue What is required for healing via primary closure? - Fresh viable edges in apposition How thick is cow skin on average? - 4-5mm What does secondary wound closure rely on? - Wound contraction & epithelialization A number of field procedures rely on what type of wound closure? Why? - Secondary closure - not true sterile technique in the field Describe teat anatomy - 1. Teat cistern & gland cistern separated by annular ring 2. Streak canal connects teat cistern to exterior 3. Teat cistern & streak canal divided by Furstenberg rosette What are the layers of the teat wall? - From outside to inside: 1. Skin (stratified squamous epithelium) 2. Muscularis 3. Conjunctive tissue 4. Submucosa 5. Mucosa How many teats do cows have? - 4 Tight teat sphincter What causes tight teat sphincters? - Fibrosis of Furstenberg rosette - usually caused by trauma to teat end, frost bite, or inappropriate milking machine vacuums What are 2 ways you can treat tight teat sphincters? Which is preferred? - 1. Surgery (preferred) 2. Teat dilator Describe surgery for a tight teat sphincter - Hug knife - pull out at 45 degree angle to Furstenberg rosette - cuts portion of rosette - leaves behind proximal third of streak canal, external teat sphincter, and skin What is a teat spider? - When scar tissue intrudes into the teat cistern What are teat spiders usually caused by? - Submucosal hemorrhage following trauma How have teat spiders been traditionally treated? Why do we no longer do this? - Tumor extractor knife - more damaging than helpful What are 3 options for treating teat spiders? Indicate when each would be used - 1. Grasp blindly with forceps placed through streak canal - for floating polyps 2. Thelotomy - for plaques of scar tissue - place apposing affected wall - close mucosa after resection or use implant as scaffold for growth 3. Video-assisted theloscopic electro-resection - for fibrotic masses What is the #1 factor in positive prognosis for long-term adequate return to milking following teat lacerations? - Treating early!!! What are 6 steps in treating teat lacerations? - 1. Debride wound edges 2. Apply tourniquet 3. Re-appose mucosa with simple continuous 4-0 or 5-0 absorbable suture 4. Return cow to milking machine immediately - if not milked, predisposes to mastitis 5. Systemic & topical Abx 6. If high lactating cow, place self-retaining teat cannula in streak canal What are teat fistulas a sequela to? - Laceration into cistern or removal of supernumerary teat When should you repair teat fistulas? - Once cow is dry What is often unsuccessful at repairing teat fistulas? - Cauterization How should you repair teat fistulas? - Surgically freshen tissue margins, remove scar tissue, & re-appose layers - use teat infusions to prevent mastitis When are udder amputations done? - Valuable animals T/F: udder amputations are frequently used to treat active toxic mastitis - False, not usually T/F: udder amputations can be done standing - False - need general anesthesia During udder amputation, what should be done prior to removal of the affected gland? - Ligate external pudendal artery first (often with adjacent vein), then subcutaneous veins What kind of closure should you try to achieve with udder amputations? What can you place prior to closure? - Primary closure - drain T/F: most domestic cattle breeds do not have horns - False, most do What is the primary indication of dehorning? - Safety What dictates the dehorning protocol? -
