Fundamentals of Chemistry: Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds - Prof. James S. Barbee, Study notes of Biology

Download Fundamentals of Chemistry: Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds - Prof. James S. Barbee and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Atoms are the stuff of life Elements- 92 Natural, 25 Synthetic Elements, 25 Elements are essential to life Atom- smallest piece of an element Proton=positive Neutron=neutral Electron=negative Atomic #- # of protons Isotope- different forms of an element Atomic Mass- avg mass of all isotopes Ion- an atom that has gained or lost electrons Molecule- 2 or more chemically joined atoms Diatomic Molecule is 2 atoms of the same element Compound- 2 or more elements combined Covalent Bonds- 2 atoms share electrons, shared electrons travel around both nuclei Non-polar covalent bonds- both atoms have an equal attraction for electrons Polar covalent bonds- unequal sharing of electrons Ionic Bond- the electrical attraction between two ions with opposite charges Orbitals- location of electrons in lieu of nucleus energy shell- group of orbitals that share the same level. valence shell- outermost occupied energy shell. Electronegativity- a measure of an atoms ability to attract electrons Hydrogen Bonding- weakest of chemical bonds -occurs between the hydrogen atoms of polar compounds Cohesion- the tendency of water molecules to stick together Adhesion- the tendency to form hydrogen bonds with other substances Hydrophilic- Substances readily dissolve in water Hydrophobic- Substances that do not dissolve in water Acids and Bases Acids- donates hydrogen ions Bases- accept hydrogen ions PH LEVELS- 1 is acidic 14 is base and 7 is water Organic Molecules Compounds containing Carbon and Hydrogen Carbohydrates- organic molecules that consist of carbon hydrogen, oxygen Monosaccarhides- 5 or 6 carbon simple sugars