The Rise of the Macedonian State and Philip II: A Historical Overview, Study notes of Classical Philology

Download The Rise of the Macedonian State and Philip II: A Historical Overview and more Study notes Classical Philology in PDF only on Docsity! CLAS: 4040/6040 Rise of the Macedonian State & Philip II Prof. Naomi J. Norman EUXEINUS PONTUS raeg tones" THRACE Prippoupats® eee Bracers ghetto Salrysone obo ‘. 5 . paion?® 4 sions Teme ‘Odomentice symoriea OR items BEM, Branton - os Eurpnn | naayee "Mong ° Lantos Tyna fF ‘confi 1 Bote, pemioe : c : shay oes Phokis ~“Boiatia*¥p, “i = og \Cteazome ~ atten 7 ie, Achale —sayeny, Seite, “ P maa? Argotis is 2 ig rom THE MACEDONIAN KINGDOM AND THE GREEK STATES AT THE END OF PHILIP'S REIGN 336 B.C  Macedonia under control of Philip Il (359 BC) ‘HB independent Macedonian Tribes [il Greece and Greek acupied Macedonian la (7 Sityria and Illyrian ocupied Macedonian land [Ell Thrace and Thracian ecupied Macedonian © Epirus - Macedonian ally Scythia Macedonia Before Philip • Macedonia = link between Balkans & Greece • Occupied by 6000 BCE – Central fertile plain – High mountains in upper Macedonia – Horses, cattle, sheep, wine, timber & silver • Primarily village dwellers – Prominent poleis in Lower Macedonia (e.g., Pella) • Mainly shepherds, farmers, foresters Relations with Greece? • Contact with Greece via Vale of Tempe • Spoke dialect of Greek • Not consider Greek by the Greeks – Alexander I • 495-450/40 BCE • Won right to compete at Olympic Games • Monarchical government persists in Macedonia – Defence against hostile neighboring tribes – Monarchies centered at Orestis, Lyncestris and Aegae (became dominant) • Monarch’s roles – Religious head of state, traditional laws, absolute power, owned all metal deposits – Rule usually inherited by son, subject to approval of rest of Council of Elders and army Governance? Macedonian Royal Family Zeus Herakles Temenos Deiphontes = Hyrnetho Perdiccas Argives Monarchs at Aegae Perdiccas I, ca. 640 BCE Alexander I, 495-450 Archelaus, 413-399 Perdiccas III, 365-359 Philip II, 359-336 Alexander II, 336-323 Aegeid monarchy Aegeid Highlights • Perdiccas I captured Macedonian plain and moved capital to Aegae • Alexander I competed at Olympic Games • Philip II unifies Macedonia and creates professional army • Alexander III = Alexander the Great, conquers Persia & spreads Greek culture throughout much of known world Rise of Philip II & The Army • 359-8 BCE: remodels & trains the army to defeat Illyrians militarily – Uses army to consolidate kingdom – Introduces new weapons – Creates a professional army, loyal to him Rise of Philip II, the Army • Creates a "professional army with national spirit“ & loyalty to him • Always under arms and in training – Center of army = 4000 Hetairoi • Of Macedonian racial descent, full citizens, seated in the Assembly – New weapon = 16-foot sarissa • In 6 years, doubled and then tripled size of army • Used army to enlarge kingdom to W & E either through battle or threat of battle Fought in the a S © — Ss ao OQ s n 5 s n Sarissa: 16 foot pike Gold enables Philip to get mercenary army and to buy off politicians in Greece Theopompos on Philip: “As shepherds move their flocks now to winter, now to summer pastures, so he transplanted populations and cities at his own discretion, wherever he thought that places should be replenished or abandoned....Some populations he placed on the very frontiers opposite his enemies; others he settled in the furthest parts of the kingdom; and some peoples whom he had captured in war were divided up and sent to supplement the populations of the cities. And so it was that he created out of many tribes and races one kingdom and one people.” Philip 356-338 BCE • 356: beseiged Potideia; Sacred War • 354: beseiged Methone, loses right eye • 349: attacks Olynthos and razes it • 338: Battle of Chaironeia (Chaeronea) – Philip becomes undisputed master of Greece – Establishes garrisons at Corinth, Thebes, Ambracia & Chalcis Philip & Greece • Summer 337 BCE: Conference at Corinth – Philip becomes hegemon of the Council – Declares war on Persia • 336 BCE: expeditionary force crosses Hellespont to begin operations in Asia • 336 BCE: affair with Cleopatra angers Olympias and Alexander who are both in Illyria • Autumn 336 BCE: Philip assassinated Philip • Created a large, national army • Acquired vast territory • Lord of most of sea-board of the North • Established hegemony over Greece • Goal to lead Panhellenic expedition against Persia • Ruled using a combination of money, military strength and diplomacy Sources • J. Boardman, J. Griffin, O. Murray, Greece and the Hellenistic World, pp. 309-58 • E. N. Borza, Before Alexander: Constructing Early Macedonia, 5-26