Lecture 1: Introduction to Electronics and Semiconductors - Prof. Aurangzeb Khan, Study notes of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Download Lecture 1: Introduction to Electronics and Semiconductors - Prof. Aurangzeb Khan and more Study notes Electrical and Electronics Engineering in PDF only on Docsity! 1 Lecture #1 EE 334 Analog and Digital Electronics Lecture #1 Electronics: The Physics of Electrons and their utilization Electronic Device: A component that utilizes some form of energy such as voltage or light to control the flow of electronic current. Electronic Device: A component that utilizes some form of energy such as voltage or light to control the flow of electronic current. Lecture #1 Just as the electronic field has a great impact on humanity, the electrical engineer has a great impact on the electronic field. The engineer is involved in the invention, design and development of electronic devices and systems. Lecture #1 Table 1.1 - The Worldwide Electronics Market ($1 Trillion) in 2000 Category Share (%) Data processing hardware 23 Data processing software & services 18 Professional electronics 10 Telecommunications 9 Consumer electronics 9 Active components 9 Passive components 7 Computer integrated manufacturing 5 Instrumentation 5 Office electronics 3 Medical electronics 2 2 Lecture #1 Lecture #1 The process of amplification was very important to the electrical industry. After the Demonstration of the triode amplifier by de Forest in 1912, AT&T secured the rights To triode from the inventor for rather then large some of $50,000, which used as a Radio amplifier, a telephone amplifier, and audio wireless transmission system. Lecture #1 In April 1921, the first long distance message was received by an operator of the Marconi radio station in New York. The message stated “ S.S Titanic ran into Iceberg….sinking fast” The Titanic sank with a resulting loss of 1517 lives. Mainly as a result of the wireless message, rescuers saved 750 lives. Congress then passed an act requiring all ships with 50 or more passengers To include wireless system on board. The wreckage of Titanic was discovered at the bottom of the Atlantic in 1985 by a remote controlled underwater vehicle that transmit video images back to the surface. Lecture #1 The transistor was invented in 1957 by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley, all of Bell telephone labs. The transistor has changed the face of society leading into space travel, worldwide satellite communication, computers, guided missiles, and many other significant Accomplishments. This device may prove to be the most significant technical Development in the history of mankind. 5 Lecture #1 Table 1.3 - Frequencies Associated with Common Signals Category Frequency Range Audible sounds 20 Hz - 20 kHz Baseband video (TV) signal 0 - 4.5 MHz AM radio broadcasting 540 - 1600 kHz High frequency radio communications 1.6 - 54 MHz VHF television (Channels 2-6) 54 - 88 MHz FM radio broadcasting 88 - 108 MHz VHF television (Channels 7-13) 174 - 216 MHz UHF television (channels 14 - 69) 470 - 806 MHz Cellular telephones 824 - 892 MHz Satellite television 3.7 - 4.2 GHz Lecture #1 Basic concepts & conductors Lecture #1 Lecture #1 6 Lecture #1 Basic concept & semiconductors Lecture #1 Electrical Classification of Solid Materials Materials Resistivity (Ω-cm) Insulators 105 < ρ <  Semiconductors 10-3 < ρ < 105 Conductors ρ < 10-3 Lecture #1 • Materials can be categorized into conductors, semiconductors or insulators by their ability to conduct electricity Lecture #1 IIIA IVA VA VIA 10.811 5 B Bo ron 12.01115 6 C Ca rbo n 14.0067 7 N Nitrogen 15.9994 8 O Oxygen IIB 26.9815 13 Al Aluminum 28.086 14 Si Silic on 30.9738 15 P Pho sp ho rus 32.064 16 S Sulfur 65.37 30 Zn Zinc 69.72 31 Ga Gallium 72.59 32 Ge Ge rm a nium 74.922 33 As Arsenic 78.96 34 Se Selenium 112.40 48 Cd Cadmium 114.82 49 In Ind ium 118.69 50 Sn Tin 121.75 51 Sb Antimony 127.60 52 Te Tellurium 200.59 80 Hg Merc ury 204.37 81 Ti Thallium 207.19 82 Pb Lead 208.980 83 Bi Bismuth (210) 84 Po Polonium - Portion of the Periodic Table Including the Most Important Semiconductor Elements 7 Lecture #1 Semiconductor Materials Semiconductor Bandgap Energy EG (eV) Carbon (Diamond) 5.47 Silicon 1.12 Germanium 0.66 Tin 0.082 Gallium Arsenide 1.42 Indium Phosphide 1.35 Boron Nitride 7.50 Silicon Carbide 3.00 Cadmium Selenide 1.70 Lecture #1 Lecture #1 Lecture #1 • An extrinsic semiconductor consists can be formed from an intrinsic semiconductor by added impurity atoms to the crystal in a process known as doping. To take the most simple example, consider Silicon. Since Silicon belongs to group IV of the periodic table, it has for valence electrons. In the crystal form, each atom share an electron with a neighbouring atom. In this state it is an intrinsic semiconductor. B, Al, In, Ga all have three electrons in the valence band. When a small proportion of these atoms, (less than 1 in 106), is incorporated into the crystal the dopant atom has an insufficient number of bonds to share bonds with the surrounding Silicon atoms. One of the Silicon atoms has a vacancy for an electron. It creates an a hole that contributes to the conduction process at all temperatures. Dopents that create holes in this manner are known as acceptors. This type of extrinsic semiconductor is known as p-type as it create positive charge carriers. Elements that belong to group V of the periodic table such as As, P, Sb have an extra electron in the valence band. When added as a dopant to intrinsic Silicon, the dopant atom contributes an additional electron to the crystal. Dopants that add electrons to the crystal are known as donors and the semiconductor material is said to be n-type. intrinsic p-type n-type