Functional Groups & Reactions: Alkanes, Haloalkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Alcohols, Ethers, T, Study notes of Biology

Download Functional Groups & Reactions: Alkanes, Haloalkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Alcohols, Ethers, T and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Functional Groups 1. Specific atomic groups that react predictively 2. Functional group is site of chem rxn 3. Functional groups- alkanes, alkenes, aromatics, haloalkanes, alcohols, ethers, thiols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides Haloalkanes 1. Alkanes with one or more atoms of F, Cl, Br, or I 2. Not common in nature 3. Anesthetics & pesticides 4. Ozone depletion Alkene & Alkyne Nomenclature 1. Longest chain with both double or triple bond C is parent chain 2. Replace parent chain –ane suffix with –ene or –yne 3. Number parent chain from end nearest double or triple bond 4. Write lower numbered double or triple bond C in front of parent name and dash 5. Number side chains or groups Alkene & Alkyne Examples propene H,C=CHCH, roe LUT AAT =) H,CC=CCH, 2-methyl-2-butene oa Cycloalkene Nomenclature 1. Change –ane to –ene, cyclohexane 2. Replace parent chain –ane suffix with –ene or –yne 3. Number multiple bond C in ring as 1 & 2 in direction to give lowest values Geometric Isomers 1. Double bound prevents C=C rotation cis-2-butene trans-2-butene Addition Rxns 1. Hydrogenation 2. Halogenation 3. Hydrohalogenation 4. Hydration Hydrogenation 1. Adding –H at double bond, Pt or Ni catalyst Markovnikoff’s Rule 1. In hydrohalogenation, H bonds to C with most H atoms & halide bonds to C with fewer 2-chloropropane Hydration 1. Adding H2O at double bond, H2SO4 or H3PO4 catalyst 2. Produces alcohol 3. OH acts like halide & follows Markovnikoff’s rule Hydration Examples TS ee eat Foe ine ——> H,C—CH, ethanol H,SO i H,C=CHCH, +H,O0 ———*> aoe ae H 2-propanol